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<p style="margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0">Hi Alex,</p>
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<p style="margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0">Thanks for raising the thought-provoking question.</p>
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<p style="margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0">According to the dual theory of information (i.e, the physical vs. semantic information theory (PSIT)) [1] as I understand it, there is no "<span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif,EmojiFont,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji",NotoColorEmoji,"Segoe UI Symbol","Android Emoji",EmojiSymbols; font-size:16px">Information
that you cannot put in a data set</span> ". That is, all the information discussed in natural and human sciences must be grounded in the physical upon which the semanticity (or functionality) of any structure must arise. For example, all heritable traits
(including the kind of sensory experiences you described) must be grounded in DNA structures as clearly pointed out by Petoukhov [2, 3], for instance. Unlike the current textbook version of DNA viewed as a set of linear sequences of genes composed of just
one alphabet of 4 letters, A, C. G and T, my interpretation of the mathematical analyses of DNA-sequences (as summarized in the concept of the tetra-groups of DNA sequences [4]) carried out by Petoukhov [2, 3] indicates that DNA is a linear sequences of the
4 nucleotides structured (or partitioned) into n alphabets (or languages), each consisting of 4^n letters, where n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc., of which we may currently be aware of only the simplest alphabet with n = 1. The n = 5 alphabet (i.e., the n^th alphabet
or the n^th cell language) should consist of 4^5 = 1,024 letters, and the n = 6 alphabet should contain 4,096 letters, etc. Having these multiple alphabets or molecular languages may have been beneficial for biological evolution, probably because they increased
the information storage and processing capacities of the cell. I am not a computer scientist but it seems to me that the situation is similar to computer scientists using two different alphabets -- one with 2 digits (i.e., o, 1) and the other with 2^3 =
8 digits (i.e., 00000000, 10000000, 11000000, 11110011, . . .) in order to increase the information storage and processing capacities of computers. </p>
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All biological communications including cell-cell, cell-organ, cell-human, humnan-human communications must be mediated by messages (or signs) (i) written in an alphabet with n letters, where n can be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, . . . .10^6?, thus having varying information
storage and processing capacities, and (ii) obeying a set of syntactic rules so that (iii) the sender and the receiver can understand the messages using a common set (or dictionary) of rules of interpretation. </p>
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<p style="margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0">In conlusion, my breif answer to Alex's question would be that human brains have evolved to perform the kind of sensory functions you describe based on "molecular data", not necessarily macroscopic physical or linguistic
data employed in macrosciences and engineering.</p>
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<p style="margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0">All the best.</p>
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<p style="margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0">Sung</p>
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References:</div>
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[1] Emanuel Diamant, </span><b style="font-family: Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif, EmojiFont, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", NotoColorEmoji, "Segoe UI Symbol", "Android Emoji", EmojiSymbols; font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif, serif, EmojiFont;">The
brain is processing information, not data. Does anybody care?, </span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif, serif, EmojiFont;">ISIS Summit Vienna 2015, Extended Abstract. <a href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsciforum.net%2Fconference%2Fisis-summit-vienna-2015%2Fpaper%2F2842&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7C89f81861ee684f05e46b08d559d86fe1%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C1%7C636513708497810284&sdata=bMlZ324OoEHA5XMQibKiEFsm75NhcpkfIcSRUJbQZNg%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://sciforum.net/<wbr>conference/isis-summit-vienna-<wbr>2015/paper/2842</a></span></span></span></span></div>
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[2] Petoukhov, S. (2017). Genetic coding and united-hypercomplex systems in the models of algebraic biology.<i>BioSystems</i> <b>158</b>:</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 15.3333px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont; color: rgb(80, 80, 80);"> 31-46.</span><b style="font-family: Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif, EmojiFont, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", NotoColorEmoji, "Segoe UI Symbol", "Android Emoji", EmojiSymbols; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif, serif, EmojiFont;">
</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif, EmojiFont, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", NotoColorEmoji, "Segoe UI Symbol", "Android Emoji", EmojiSymbols; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 19.9333px; color: rgb(33, 33, 33);"> [3]</span><a name="x_m_4646700428272669665_Display" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="font-family: Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif, EmojiFont, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", NotoColorEmoji, "Segoe UI Symbol", "Android Emoji", EmojiSymbols; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 15.3333px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont;"> </span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 15.3333px;">Petoukhov,
S. (2016). </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">The system-resonance approach in modeling genetic</span><span style="line-height: 18.4px;"><font face="Times New Roman, serif, serif, EmojiFont"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;"> </span></font><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont; font-size: 12pt;">structures. </span><i style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont; font-size: 12pt;">BiosySystems</i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont; font-size: 12pt;">139</b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont; font-size: 12pt;">:1-11.<br>
</span> [4] Petoukhov, S. (2018). <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Lucida Grande", helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif;">The rules of long DNA-sequences and tetra-groups of oligonucleotides. arXiv:1709.04943v4 [q-bio.OT]</span>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont;"> [4] Ji, S. (2017).<i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif, serif, EmojiFont;">Neo-Semiotics</span></i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 27.6px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif, serif, EmojiFont;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">:
Introducing Zeroness into Peircean Semiotics May Bridge the Knowable and the Unknowable. <i>Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol</i>. <b>131</b>:387-401. PDF at <a href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0079610717300858%3Fvia%253Dihub&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7Cd3662883d79442bc279b08d55a45ef3e%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C1%7C636514178788801408&sdata=afKjg3GrB3JRHkESNqHxOOhhjn9C%2F9%2FuJAFx6OX7%2FVs%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="x_m_4646700428272669665OWAAutoLink" id="x_m_4646700428272669665LPlnk698222">http://www.sciencedirect.<wbr>com/science/article/pii/<wbr>S0079610717300858?via%3Dihub</a></span><br>
</span> [5] <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Lato, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont;">Ji, S. (1997). </span><a href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conformon.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F05%2FIsomorphism1.pdf&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7Cd3662883d79442bc279b08d55a45ef3e%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C1%7C636514178788801408&sdata=RaGj9cNFqT4nLwPh%2BllpEgryPeou9Dm%2F6MZGEOXqA18%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Isomorphism
between cell and human languages: molecualr biological, bioinformatic and linguistic implications. </a><em style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Lato, sans-serif;">BioSystems</em><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Lato, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont;"> </span><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Lato, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont;">44</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Lato, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont;">:<wbr>17-39.
PDF at <a href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conformon.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F05%2FIsomorphism1.pdf&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7Cd3662883d79442bc279b08d55a45ef3e%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C1%7C636514178788801408&sdata=RaGj9cNFqT4nLwPh%2BllpEgryPeou9Dm%2F6MZGEOXqA18%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="x_m_4646700428272669665OWAAutoLink" id="x_m_4646700428272669665LPlnk777944">http://www.conformon.net/<wbr>wp-content/uploads/2012/05/<wbr>Isomorphism1.pdf</a></span><br>
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="x_m_4646700428272669665xmsonormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont; color: red;"><u></u> <u></u></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif, serif, EmojiFont;">[6] Ji, S. (2017). The
Cell Language Theory: Connecting Mind and Matter. World Scientific, New Jersey. Chapter 5</span><i style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">. </i></p>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Alex Hankey <alexhankey@gmail.com><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Saturday, January 13, 2018 12:24 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Sungchul Ji<br>
<b>Cc:</b> Emanuel Diamant; fis@listas.unizar.es<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] I salute to Sungchul</font>
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<div dir="ltr">And what about the Kinds of Information that you cannot put in a data set?
<div>The information that makes you turn your head and meet the gaze of someone staring at you.</div>
<div>No one could do that, which we humans and all animals do constantly, </div>
<div>unless we had received such information at a subliminal level in the brain. </div>
<div>We all have that capacity, it is vital for survival in the wild. All animals do it. </div>
<div>The 'Sense of Being Stared At' is a common experience for most animals, </div>
<div>how far down the tree of life no one yet knows. </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Whatever triggers it is definitely 'A Difference that Makes a Difference', </div>
<div>so fits in your definition of 'Meaningful Information' - it has to! </div>
<div>BUT IT CANNOT BE DIGITAL INFORMATION.</div>
<div>Please Face Up to This Fact. </div>
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<div>All best wishes, </div>
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<div>Alex </div>
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<div class="x_gmail_extra"><br>
<div class="x_gmail_quote">On 13 January 2018 at 07:30, Sungchul Ji <span dir="ltr">
<<a href="mailto:sji@pharmacy.rutgers.edu" target="_blank">sji@pharmacy.rutgers.edu</a>></span> wrote:<br>
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<p style="margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0">Hi Emmanuel and FISers,</p>
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<p style="margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0">Thank you, Emmanuel, for your generous remarks. It is heartening to know that our ideas converge, although we carried out our research independently of each other, a clear example of consilience.</p>
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<p style="margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0">(<b>1</b>) I like and agree with the Kolomogorov quote you cited in [1]:</p>
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<p style="margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0"><span style="font-size:12pt">"<b>Information is a linguistic description of structures in a given data set.</b>" </span><br>
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<div>It seems to me that there are 4 key concepts embedded in the above quote, which we may view as the definition of what may be called the "Komogorov information" or the "Kolmogorov-Bateson information" for the convenience of reference:</div>
<div><br>
<b>i</b>) data set (e.g., ACAGTCAACGGTCCAA) </div>
<div><b>ii</b>) linguistic description (e.g., Threonine, Valine, Asparagine, Glycine)</div>
<div><b>iii</b>) structure (e.g., 16 mononucdotide, 8 dinucldotides, 5 trinucleotides plus 1)</div>
<div><b>iv</b>) mathematical description (e.g., tensor product of two 2x2 matrices of 4 nucleotides) [2, 3].</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>The first three elements are obvious, but the 4th is not so obvious but justified in view of the recent work of Petoukhov [2, 3]. </div>
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</div>
<div><span style="font-size:12pt">(<b>2</b>) Based on these ideas, I have constructed
<b>Table 1</b> below of the various names applied to the two kinds of information which I described as I(-) and I(+) in my previous post. </span></div>
<div><span style="font-size:12pt"> </span><br>
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<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Table 1.
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The
<i>arbitrariness</i> of the signs referring to ‘information’. It doesn’t matter what you call it, as long as your chosen label refers to the right reality, thing, process, mechanisms, etc.
<b> </b><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">1<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Type I Information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<td width="301" valign="top" style="width:225.55pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Type II information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="32" valign="top" style="width:23.75pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="306" valign="top" style="width:229.5pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Physical Information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="301" valign="top" style="width:225.55pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Sematic information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="32" valign="top" style="width:23.75pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="306" valign="top" style="width:229.5pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Shannon information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="301" valign="top" style="width:225.55pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Kolmogorov information, or<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Kolmogorov-Bateson information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="32" valign="top" style="width:23.75pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">4<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="306" valign="top" style="width:229.5pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">‘Meaningless’ information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="301" valign="top" style="width:225.55pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">‘Meaningful’ information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="32" valign="top" style="width:23.75pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">5<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="306" valign="top" style="width:229.5pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">I(-) information, or simply I(-)<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="301" valign="top" style="width:225.55pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">I(+) information, or simply I(+)<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="32" valign="top" style="width:23.75pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">6<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="306" valign="top" style="width:229.5pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Quantitative information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="301" valign="top" style="width:225.55pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Qualitative information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="32" valign="top" style="width:23.75pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">7<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="306" valign="top" style="width:229.5pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Mathematical information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="301" valign="top" style="width:225.55pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Linguistic information (see Statement (1))<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="32" valign="top" style="width:23.75pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">8<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="306" valign="top" style="width:229.5pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Formal information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="301" valign="top" style="width:225.55pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Phenomenological information
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="32" valign="top" style="width:23.75pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">9<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="306" valign="top" style="width:229.5pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Interpretant-less sign [4]<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="301" valign="top" style="width:225.55pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Triadic sign [4]<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><u></u>(<b>3</b>) One practical application of the
<i>dual theory of information </i>under discussion<i> </i>is in deducing the structure of cell language, or the structure of the linguistics of DNA, in a much more rigorous manner than was possible in 1997 [5]. <br>
</span></p>
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif,EmojiFont,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji",NotoColorEmoji,"Segoe UI Symbol","Android Emoji",EmojiSymbols; font-size:16px">
It is the common practice in biology to use the terms "letters", "words", "sentences", and "texts" without any rigorous definitions. The general rule is to follow the rules of concatenations used in linguistics literally and say that </div>
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif,EmojiFont,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji",NotoColorEmoji,"Segoe UI Symbol","Android Emoji",EmojiSymbols; font-size:16px">
<br>
</div>
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif,EmojiFont,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji",NotoColorEmoji,"Segoe UI Symbol","Android Emoji",EmojiSymbols; font-size:16px">
<b>i</b>) just as 26 letters in the English alphabet are combined to form words (the process being called the second articulation [5]), so the 4 letters of the genetic alphabets, A, C, G and T/U, combine in triplets to form genetic codons. Similarly, just
as words form sentences and sentences form texts by the same concatenation procedure (or tensor multiplication, mathematically speaking , i.e, linearly arranging words and sentences, respectively (see the second column in Table 2), so the 64 nucleotide triplets
combine to form proteins and proteins combine to form metabolic pathways by continuing the concatenation process, or the tensor multiplication of matrices of larger and larger sizes (see the fourth column, which is based on the physical theory of information,
i.e., without any involvement of<i> semantics</i> or the first articulation). <br>
<br>
</div>
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif,EmojiFont,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji",NotoColorEmoji,"Segoe UI Symbol","Android Emoji",EmojiSymbols; font-size:16px">
<b>ii</b>) In contrast to the fourth column just described, we can justify an alternative structural assignments based on the semantic theory of information as shown in the fifth column of
<b>Table 2</b>. Here the letters of the cell language alphabet are not always mononucloetoides but thought to be n-nucleotides, such as dinucleotides (when n = 2), trinucleotides (when n =3), tetranucleotides (when n = 4), penta-nucelotides (when n = 5), etc.
That is, unlike in human language where the letters of an alphabet usually consist of one symbol, e.g., A, B, C, D, E, . . . ,
<i>I am claiming that in cell language, the letters can be mononucloetides (i.e., A, G, C, T/U), dinucloeotides (i.e., AG, AC, . . . .) , trinucleotides (i.e., ACT, GTA, . . . ), tetranucleotides (i.e., ACTG, CCGT, . . . .), pentanucleotides (i.e., ACCTG,
TCGAT, . . .) and, up to n-nucleotides (also called n-plets [2, 3]), where n is an unknown number whose upper limit is not yet known (at least to me). </i> If this conjecture turns out to be true, then the size of the cell language alphabet can be much larger
(10^3 - 10^9 ?) than the size of a typical human linguistic alphabet which is usually less than 10^2, probably due to the limitation of the memory capacity of the human brain.<br>
<br>
(<b>iii</b>) From linguistics, we learn that there are at least 4 levels of organization, each level characterized by a unique function (see the second column). Without presenting any detailed argument, I just wish to suggest that the linguistic structures
deduced based on the semantic information theory (i.e., the fifth column) agree with the human linguistic structures (i.e., the second column) better than does the linguistic structures based on the physical/mathematical/<wbr>quantitative information theory
(i.e., the fourth column), when the functional hierarchy given in the third column is taken into account.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<u></u>
<p></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><br>
</p>
</div>
<div>
<table class="x_m_4646700428272669665MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:#eeece1; border-collapse:collapse; border:none">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="639" colspan="5" valign="top" style="width:479.5pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Table 2.
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Two versions of the linguistics of DNA based on (i) the physical information theory, and (ii) the semantic information theory [1]. M stands for a 2x2 matrix whose elements are
the 4 genetic nucleotides, A, C, G and T/U, i.e., M = [C A; T G] (see Figure 16 in [2]). The symbol, (x), indicates tensor multiplication [2, 3]. The I to II transition is known in linguistics as the
<span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)">second articulation</span>; the II to III transition as the
<span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)">first articulation</span> [4]; the III to IV transition was referred to as the<span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)"> third articulation</span> [5].</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.25pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Organization level<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="230" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:172.5pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<i><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Human Language<u></u><u></u></span></i></p>
</td>
<td width="284" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:212.75pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<i><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Cell Language<u></u><u></u></span></i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.25pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></b></p>
</td>
<td width="88" valign="top" style="width:65.65pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Structure<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.85pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Function/Semantics<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.3pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Structure based on the Physical Information Theory (PIT)
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">[1]<b><u></u><u></u></b></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.45pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Structure based on the Semantic Information Theory (SIT)
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">[1]<b><u></u><u></u></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.25pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">I<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="88" valign="top" style="width:65.65pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Letters<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.85pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Basic building
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">blocks or basic physical signals<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.3pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">4 Nucleotides (A, C, G, T/U);<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">M = [C A;T G]* <u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.45pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">mono-, di-, trinucleotides, 4-plets, 5-plets, . . . , n-plets of nucleotides, . . .
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.25pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">II<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="88" valign="top" style="width:65.65pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Words<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.85pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">To denote<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.3pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">16 dinucleotides;
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">M(x)M or M^2<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.45pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Any combinations of the n-plets/ genes/proteins<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.25pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">III<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="88" valign="top" style="width:65.65pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Sentences<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.85pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">To decide<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.3pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">64 trinucleotides /amino acids;
<br>
M(x)M(x)M or M^3<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.45pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Assembly of genes/proteins; or metabolic pathways (MP)<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.25pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">IV<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="88" valign="top" style="width:65.65pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Texts<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.85pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">To argue/compute/<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">reason (e.g., syllogism)<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.3pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">254 tetranucleotides;<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Metabolic pathways (?); </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; font-size:12pt">M(x)M(x)M(x)M or M^4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.45pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Networks of MP’s<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br>
</div>
<div><span style="font-size:12pt">characterized by a </span><span style="font-size:12pt">unique function (see the second column). Without presenting </span><span style="font-size:12pt">any detailed argument, I would like to </span><span style="font-size:12pt">suggest
that the linguistic structures deduced based on the semantic information theory (i.e., </span><span style="font-size:12pt">the fifth column) agree with the human linguistic structures (i.e., the second column) </span><span style="font-size:12pt">better than
does the linguistic structures based on the physical/mathematical/<wbr>quantitative information theory (i.e., the fourth column). </span><br>
</div>
<div>In other words, the structure of cell language deduced based on the semantic information theory agrees better, functionally, with that of the human language than the structure of cell language deduced based on the physical information theory, thus further supporting
the 1997 postulate that cell and human languages are isomorphic [5, 6]. </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div><span style="font-size:12pt">If you have any questions or suggestions for improvements on the above tables, I would appreciate hearing from you.</span><br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>All the best.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Sung</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>References:</div>
<span class="">
<div> <span style="font-size:13pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[1] Emanuel Diamant, </span><b style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif,EmojiFont,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji",NotoColorEmoji,"Segoe UI Symbol","Android Emoji",EmojiSymbols; font-size:16px"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:13pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The
brain is processing information, not data. Does anybody care?, </span></b><span style="font-size:13pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ISIS Summit Vienna 2015, Extended Abstract. <a href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsciforum.net%2Fconference%2Fisis-summit-vienna-2015%2Fpaper%2F2842&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7C89f81861ee684f05e46b08d559d86fe1%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C1%7C636513708497810284&sdata=bMlZ324OoEHA5XMQibKiEFsm75NhcpkfIcSRUJbQZNg%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">http://sciforum.net/<wbr>conference/isis-summit-vienna-<wbr>2015/paper/2842</a></span></div>
</span>
<div> <span style="font-size:12pt; line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
[2] Petoukhov, S. (2017). Genetic coding and united-hypercomplex systems in the models of algebraic biology.
<i>BioSystems</i> <b>158</b>:</span><span style="font-size:10pt; line-height:115%; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; color:rgb(80,80,80)"> 31-46.</span><b style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">
</span></b>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt; line-height:115%; color:#212121"> [3]</span><a name="x_m_4646700428272669665_Display"><span style="font-size:10pt; line-height:115%; font-family:Arial,sans-serif">
</span></a><span style="font-size:10pt; line-height:115%; font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Petoukhov, S. (2016).
</span><span style="font-size:12pt; line-height:115%; font-family:Arial,sans-serif">The system-resonance approach in modeling genetic<br>
structures. <i>BiosySystems</i> <b>139</b>:1-11.</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt; line-height:115%; font-family:Arial,sans-serif"> [4] Ji, S. (2017).<i><span style="font-size:12pt; line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Neo-Semiotics</span></i><span style="font-size:18pt; line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">:
Introducing Zeroness into Peircean Semiotics May Bridge the Knowable and the Unknowable.
<i>Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol</i>. <b>131</b>:387-401. PDF at <a href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0079610717300858%3Fvia%253Dihub&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7Cd3662883d79442bc279b08d55a45ef3e%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C1%7C636514178788801408&sdata=afKjg3GrB3JRHkESNqHxOOhhjn9C%2F9%2FuJAFx6OX7%2FVs%3D&reserved=0" class="x_m_4646700428272669665OWAAutoLink" id="x_m_4646700428272669665LPlnk698222" target="_blank">http://www.sciencedirect.<wbr>com/science/article/pii/<wbr>S0079610717300858?via%3Dihub</a></span><br>
</span> [5] <span style="color:rgb(51,51,51); font-family:Lato,sans-serif; font-size:16px">Ji, S. (1997). </span><a href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conformon.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F05%2FIsomorphism1.pdf&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7Cd3662883d79442bc279b08d55a45ef3e%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C1%7C636514178788801408&sdata=RaGj9cNFqT4nLwPh%2BllpEgryPeou9Dm%2F6MZGEOXqA18%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">Isomorphism
between cell and human languages: molecualr biological, bioinformatic and linguistic implications. </a><em style="color:rgb(51,51,51); font-family:Lato,sans-serif; font-size:16px">BioSystems</em><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51); font-family:Lato,sans-serif; font-size:16px"> </span><span style="font-weight:700; color:rgb(51,51,51); font-family:Lato,sans-serif; font-size:16px">44</span><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51); font-family:Lato,sans-serif; font-size:16px">:<wbr>17-39.
PDF at <a href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conformon.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F05%2FIsomorphism1.pdf&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7Cd3662883d79442bc279b08d55a45ef3e%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C1%7C636514178788801408&sdata=RaGj9cNFqT4nLwPh%2BllpEgryPeou9Dm%2F6MZGEOXqA18%3D&reserved=0" class="x_m_4646700428272669665OWAAutoLink" id="x_m_4646700428272669665LPlnk777944" target="_blank">http://www.conformon.net/<wbr>wp-content/uploads/2012/05/<wbr>Isomorphism1.pdf</a></span><br>
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="x_m_4646700428272669665xmsonormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:red"><u></u> <u></u></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[6] Ji, S. (2017). The Cell Language Theory: Connecting Mind
and Matter. World Scientific, New Jersey. Chapter 5</span><i style="font-size:12pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">. </i></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><i><br>
</i><b><u></u><u></u></b></span></p>
</div>
<div> <br>
<div><br>
</div>
<div><br>
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<div><br>
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<div><br>
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<div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<hr style="display:inline-block; width:98%">
<div id="x_m_4646700428272669665divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Fis <<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>> on behalf of Emanuel
Diamant <<a href="mailto:emanl.245@gmail.com" target="_blank">emanl.245@gmail.com</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, January 12, 2018 11:20 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a><span class=""><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Fis] I salute to Sungchul</span></font>
<div> </div>
</div>
<div lang="EN-US">
<div class="x_m_4646700428272669665x_WordSection1">
<p class="x_m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Dear FISers,
</span></p>
<div>
<div class="x_h5">
<p class="x_m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> </span></p>
<p class="x_m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">I would like to express my pleasure with the current state of our discourse – an evident attempt to reach a more common understanding about information
issues and to enrich preliminary given assessments. </span></p>
<p class="x_m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">In this regard, I would like to add my comment to Sungchul’s post of January 12, 2018.
</span></p>
<p class="x_m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> </span></p>
<p class="x_m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Sungchul proposes “to recognize two distinct types of information which, for the lack of better terms, may be referred to as the "meaningless
information" or I(-) and "meaningful information" or I(+)”. </span></p>
<p class="x_m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">That is exactly what I am trying to put forward for years, albeit under more historically rooted names: Physical and Semantic information [1].
Never mind, what is crucially important here is that the duality of information becomes publicly recognized and accepted by FIS community.</span></p>
<p class="x_m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> </span></p>
<p class="x_m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">I salute to Sungchul’s suggestion!</span></p>
<p class="x_m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> </span></p>
<p class="x_m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Best regards, Emanuel.</span></p>
<p class="x_m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> </span></p>
<p class="x_m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">[1] Emanuel Diamant, </span><b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:13.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The brain is processing information,
not data. Does anybody care?, </span></b><span style="font-size:13.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">ISIS Summit Vienna 2015, Extended Abstract.
<a href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsciforum.net%2Fconference%2Fisis-summit-vienna-2015%2Fpaper%2F2842&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7C89f81861ee684f05e46b08d559d86fe1%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C1%7C636513708497810284&sdata=bMlZ324OoEHA5XMQibKiEFsm75NhcpkfIcSRUJbQZNg%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">
http://sciforum.net/<wbr>conference/isis-summit-vienna-<wbr>2015/paper/2842</a> </span>
</p>
<p class="x_m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="x_m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="x_m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"> </p>
</div>
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