<div dir="ltr">Dear Loet, all,<div><br></div><div>I'm not sure there's such a problem here. I think there's an important connection to be made through Bateson. He too talks about the importance of redundancy (he's not alone in cybernetics, as you know - Von Foerster's "Self organizing systems and their environments"; and Pask explicitly talks about redundancy and learning (in his "Cybernetics of Human Learning and Performance" of 1975)). </div><div><br></div><div>In Bateson, I think the key is his emphasis in "Mind and Nature" on "multiple descriptions of the world". There are redundancies in multiple descriptions, and yes they are generative of new possibilities which shape the emerging discourse. But the problem with Aristotelian logic is that it cannot embrace multiplicity and contradiction. We always seem to hit upon contradictions - particularly at the boundary between ontology and epistemology, and feel compelled to go one way or the other. But these are just different descriptions at different logical levels, aren't they? </div><div><br></div><div>One of the things which excites me about John Torday's work is what appears to be a deepening of Bateson's Jungian distinction between "creatura" and "pleroma" (Terry has a lot to say about this: <a href="http://www.biourbanism.org/the-pattern-which-connects-pleroma-to-creatura-the-autocell-bridge-from-physics-to-life/">http://www.biourbanism.org/the-pattern-which-connects-pleroma-to-creatura-the-autocell-bridge-from-physics-to-life/</a>) to something that's consistent with quantum physics: something like David Bohm's "implicate" vs "explicate" order (I know that Bob Ulanowicz, among others, has some objections to Bohm's "hidden variables", but perhaps there's something to explore)</div><div><br></div><div>We can (and unfortunately often do) impose an epistemological perspective upon everything. We can say "it's all talk in the end". But this is a flattening operation where the multiplicity of description is transduced into a single description. We lose Alex Hankey's "sense of being stared at" to start with - and that's a big deal in my opinion. The institutions of science - the universities - are particularly effective at flattening the world: "if it can't be described in a textbook and put on a syllabus, it isn't worth attending to!": the "dead hand of education" pushes ontology out in favour of epistemology in our institutionally-framed discourse. Our science cannot advance unless we do something about this. </div><div><br></div><div>In Bateson's work on Schizophrenia there is the beginning of an articulation of a different kind of logic of inclusion, contradiction and multiple levels - the "Double Bind". My initial (admittedly early-days) reading of Joseph Brenner and Lupasco suggests to me that the achievement is to have formalised a similar logic in a way that Bateson never did (Joseph, please correct me if you don't agree!): there is contradiction, there is an included middle, there is resolution at a higher level. Actually, it resonates for me because it seems quite similar to Nigel Howard's theory of "Metagames" which he formalised in his "Paradoxes of Rationality", which you and I wrote about once. Bateson himself talked about "bioentropy" - there's an excellent paper by Peter Harries-Jones on this here: <a href="http://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/12/12/2359">http://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/12/12/2359</a></div><div><br></div><div>Finally, I think there is another distinction which is important for John and which was initially emphasised by Bohm: the distinction between synthesis and analysis in scientific approaches, and the problem of description. John protests against "descriptive biology", and aims for an deeper understanding of generative mechanisms. Bohm writes:</div><div><br></div><div>"It is important to call attention to the difference between analysis and description. The word 'de-scribe' literally means to 'write down', but when we write things down, this does not in general mean that the terms appearing in such a description can be actually 'loosened' or 'separated' into autonomously behaving components, and then put back together again in a synthesis. Rather, these terms are in general abstractions which have little or no meaning when considered as autonomous and separate from each other. Indeed, what is primarily relevant in a description is how the terms are related by ratio or reason. It is this ratio or reason, which calls attention to the whole, that is meant by a description. Thus, even conceptually, a description does not in general constitute an analysis." (Bohm, "Wholeness and the Implicate Order", p160, Routledge edition)</div><div><br></div><div>Bohm, like Bateson, identifies the problem in the way we reason. He suggests new algebras: he even hints at concepts like nilpotents and quaternions which have been developed by my colleague Peter Rowlands (see <a href="https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/physical-sciences/events/fpl/).">https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/physical-sciences/events/fpl/).</a>.. but fundamentally it's a different kind of logic. </div><div><br></div><div>Best wishes, </div><div><br></div><div>Mark</div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On 14 January 2018 at 08:37, Loet Leydesdorff <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" target="_blank">loet@leydesdorff.net</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div><u></u>
<div>Dear Joe and colleagues, </div><div><br></div><div>This seems counterproductive to me. The generative mechanism is knowledge-based; notably based on discursive knowledge. The latter is specific to the human species. Dolphins and dogs may be able to language, but they cannot handle a credit card or understand the rule of law. In my opinion, the generative mechanism is the generation of redundancy by making further distinctions and thus options. Meaning cannot be communicated, but it can be shared and be redundant. Information is communicated and generates probabilistic entropy. Adding redundancy extends the maximum entropy; we live in a different (cultural) world after the next transition. </div><div><br></div><div>For example, transportation over the Alps was first restricted by the passes such as the Gotthard and the Brenner passes. But using railways tunneling under the Alps or airplanes flying over them, the number of options is multiplied by orders of magnitude. The physical restriction on the ground are overcome.</div><div><br></div><div>Redundancy generation can be measured in terms of (negative!) bits of information.</div><div><br></div><div>The message is that there is no abstract "Logic in Reality" as a general systems dynamic, but this is itself a knowledge claim. The substance other than<i> res extensa</i>--that is,<i> res cogitans</i>--is not provided in data and to be measured in bits, but in terms of absences to be measured in -data. In other words, I disagree with Sungchul's positivism: meaning in inter-human communications is not objective, but intersubjective. It is provided with hindsight to the historical events and with reference to horizons of meaning.</div><div><br></div><div>Best,</div><div>Loet</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>PS. Pedro, this is my first message in the new week. L.</div>
<div><br></div><div id="m_4912495825080002806signature_old"><div id="m_4912495825080002806xaea8d513df2043b"><div id="m_4912495825080002806x337b22579712426abf55c20f258d0a74">
<div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#1f497d">
<hr size="3" width="100%" align="center">
</span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#1f497d">Loet
Leydesdorff <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#1f497d">Professor emeritus,
University of Amsterdam<br>
Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR)<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#44546a"><a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" title="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">loet@leydesdorff.net </span></a></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#1f497d">; </span><span style="color:#44546a"><a href="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" title="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">http://www.leydesdorff.net/</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#1f497d"> <br>
</span><span style="font-size:9pt">Associate Faculty, </span><span style="color:#44546a"><a href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">SPRU, </span></a></span><span style="font-size:9pt">University of Sussex; <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Guest Professor </span><span style="color:#44546a"><a href="http://www.zju.edu.cn/english/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Zhejiang Univ.</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9pt">, Hangzhou; Visiting Professor, </span><span style="color:#44546a"><a href="http://www.istic.ac.cn/Eng/brief_en.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">ISTIC, </span></a></span><span style="font-size:9pt">Beijing;<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Visiting Fellow, </span><span style="color:#44546a"><a href="http://www.bbk.ac.uk/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Birkbeck</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9pt">,
University of London; <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en" target="_blank">http://scholar.google.com/<wbr>citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&<wbr>hl=en</a></span></span></div><div id="m_4912495825080002806x337b22579712426abf55c20f258d0a74"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><br></span></div></div></div><div><div class="h5"><div><br></div>
<div>------ Original Message ------</div>
<div>From: "Joseph Brenner" <<a href="mailto:joe.brenner@bluewin.ch" target="_blank">joe.brenner@bluewin.ch</a>></div>
<div>To: "Terrence W. DEACON" <<a href="mailto:deacon@berkeley.edu" target="_blank">deacon@berkeley.edu</a>>; "Alex Hankey" <<a href="mailto:alexhankey@gmail.com" target="_blank">alexhankey@gmail.com</a>></div>
<div>Cc: <a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>; "Emanuel Diamant" <<a href="mailto:emanl.245@gmail.com" target="_blank">emanl.245@gmail.com</a>>; "Sungchul Ji" <<a href="mailto:sji@pharmacy.rutgers.edu" target="_blank">sji@pharmacy.rutgers.edu</a>></div>
<div>Sent: 1/14/2018 8:36:10 AM</div>
<div>Subject: Re: [Fis] Response to Sungchul. Generative Logic</div><div><br></div>
<div id="m_4912495825080002806x976167d34585406"><blockquote cite="http://3D038042C50B434391DF8A574AD27B48@laptopr7q1bsbb" type="cite" class="m_4912495825080002806cite2">
<div class="m_4912495825080002806Section1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:11pt">Dear All again,<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:11pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy">Terry has introduced an
absolutely essential concept on which we need to focus, that of a generative
logic of informational relationships. I would just like to point out that we
are not starting from zero. Some of us, for example Mark J. and I have already
recognized the need for a new logic, in which understanding the dynamic
relationships is central. In Logic in Reality, for example, Terry’s suggestion
of the need to avoid “</span></font><span lang="EN-GB">the tendency to use
language-like communication as the paradigm exemplar”</span><font size="2" color="navy" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy"> is already achieved by focus on the non-linguistic dynamic
process properties of information.<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy">If Terry could expand <i>his </i>concept of the contours of a ‘generative
logic’, it might be possible to show this even more clearly.<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy">Thank you and best
wishes,<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy">Joseph <u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></p>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">
<hr size="3" width="100%" align="center">
</span></font></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font size="2" face="Tahoma"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold">From:</span></font></b><font size="2" face="Tahoma"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma">
Fis [mailto:<u></u>fis<u></u><a href="mailto:-bounces@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">-bounces@listas.<wbr>unizar.es</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Terrence W. DEACON<br>
<b>Sent:</b> samedi, 13 janvier 2018
19:33<br>
<b>To:</b> Alex Hankey<br>
<b>Cc:</b> <u></u>fis<u></u>@<a href="http://listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">listas.unizar.es</a>;
Emanuel Diamant; Sungchul Ji<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] I salute to
Sungchul</span></font><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Hi all,<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">I would be very encouraged if we are trying to develop beyond mere
lists of different uses of the term 'information' TO structured taxonomies of
distinct types of information TO a generative logic of how these distinct modes
of a complex information relationship are interrelated.<u></u><u></u></font></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Dualistically distinguishing intrinsic properties of an informing
medium from relational properties that determine its reference provides an
important first step in growing the concept to encompas its full usefulness.
But I hope that we will also eventually begin to attend to the functional value
that the coveyed reference provides, since this too is often also implicitly
part of the various uses of the term 'infomation' in colloquial and even
scientific use. This requires more careful parsing of the term
"meaning" that is often invoked.<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">For instance, one can receive information that is unambiguously
"about" something but where that which it is about is already known
and therefore is "functionally redundant" (not to be confused with
signal redundancy). Or this information can be about something that is
irrelevant to a given function or end, while still being information about
something. <u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">An example would be telling me the time when I already know what time
it is. The statement about the time does indeed "mean"
something—i.e. it is not meaningless as gibberish woiuld be. Similarly,
if I ask to know the current temperature and I am instead told the time, the
reference provided would be useless to me—i.e. it wouldn't "make a
difference" in the colloquial English sense of that phrase. The concept of
"meaning" tends to collapse or conflate these two
distinctions—reference and significance—which I think we should
endeavor to distinguish.<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">In this respect I like the suggestion by Alex Hankey that we consider
an example like the barely conscious "feeling" of being watched which
both conveys information about an extrinsic state of affairs and additionally
has a functional relevance which is implicit in the discomfort it typically
elicits. Both the aboutness and the significance are relational, not intrinsic
properties of information. They are are distinct relations because they are
asymmetrically dependent on one another. Thus if I am entirely unaware of being
watched I am nnot discomforted by it. <u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Note also the difference in these relational attrributes: aboutness or
reference is "in relation to" some state of affairs, whereas
significance or value is "in relation to" some <i>telos</i> intrinsic to an interpreting agent
or system.<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Exploring such nondiscursive examples can help us to escape the
tendency to use language-like communication as the paradigm exemplar. The
analysis of the information intrinsic to and conveyed by music might in this
respect provide a useful platform for future discussion.<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Are there other critical distinctions that we additionally need to
highlight?<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Happy New Year, Terry<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">On Fri, Jan 12, 2018 at 9:24 PM, Alex Hankey <<a href="mailto:alexhankey@gmail.com" target="_blank">alexhankey@gmail.com</a>>
wrote:<u></u><u></u></font></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">And what about the Kinds of Information that you cannot put in a data
set? <u></u><u></u></font></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">The information that makes you turn your head and meet the gaze of
someone staring at you.<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">No one could do that, which we humans and all animals do
constantly, <u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">unless we had received such information at a subliminal level in the
brain. <u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">We all have that capacity, it is vital for survival in the wild. All
animals do it. <u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">The 'Sense of Being Stared At' is a common experience for most
animals, <u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">how far down the tree of life no one yet knows. <u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Whatever triggers it is definitely 'A Difference that Makes a
Difference', <u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">so fits in your definition of 'Meaningful Information' - it has
to! <u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">BUT IT CANNOT BE DIGITAL INFORMATION.<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Please Face Up to This Fact. <u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">All best wishes, <u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Alex <u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">On 13 January 2018 at 07:30, Sungchul Ji <<a href="mailto:sji@pharmacy.rutgers.edu" target="_blank">sji@pharmacy.rutgers.edu</a>>
wrote:<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
</div>
<blockquote style="border:none;border-left:solid #cccccc 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm">
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div id="m_4912495825080002806m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665divtagdefaultwrapper">
<p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri">Hi
Emmanuel and FISers,<u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri">Thank
you, Emmanuel, for your generous remarks. It is heartening to know that
our ideas converge, although we carried out our research independently
of each other, a clear example of consilience.<u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri">(<b>1</b>) I like and agree
with the Kolomogorov quote you cited in [1]:<u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri">"<b>Information is a linguistic description of structures
in a given data set.</b>"
<u></u><u></u></font></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri">It seems to me that
there are 4 key concepts embedded in the above quote, which we may view as
the definition of what may be called the "Komogorov information"
or the "Kolmogorov-Bateson information" for the
convenience of reference:<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><br>
<b>i</b>) data set (e.g.,
ACAGTCAACGGTCCAA) <u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri">ii</font></b><font color="black" face="Calibri">) linguistic
description (e.g., Threonine, Valine, Asparagine, Glycine)<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri">iii</font></b><font color="black" face="Calibri">) structure
(e.g., 16 mononucdotide, 8 dinucldotides, 5 trinucleotides plus 1)<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri">iv</font></b><font color="black" face="Calibri">) mathematical
description (e.g., tensor product of two 2x2 matrices of 4 nucleotides) [2, 3].<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri">The first three
elements are obvious, but the 4th is not so obvious but justified in view of
the recent work of Petoukhov [2, 3]. <u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri">(<b>2</b>) Based on these ideas, I
have constructed <b>Table 1</b>
below of the various names applied to the two kinds of information which I
described as I(-) and I(+) in my previous post. <u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"> <u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black"> <u></u><u></u></font></p>
<table class="m_4912495825080002806MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#EEECE1" style="background:#eeece1;border-collapse:collapse">
<tbody><tr>
<td width="40" valign="top" style="width:23.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"> <u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="758" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:455.05pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font size="3">Table
1. </font></b>The <i>arbitrariness</i>
of the signs referring to ‘information’. It doesn’t matter
what you call it, as long as your chosen label refers to the right reality,
thing, process, mechanisms, etc. <b> </b><u></u><u></u></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="40" valign="top" style="width:23.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">1<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="383" valign="top" style="width:229.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Type I Information<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="376" valign="top" style="width:225.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Type II information<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="40" valign="top" style="width:23.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">2<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="383" valign="top" style="width:229.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Physical Information<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="376" valign="top" style="width:225.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Sematic information<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="40" valign="top" style="width:23.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">3<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="383" valign="top" style="width:229.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Shannon information<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="376" valign="top" style="width:225.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Kolmogorov information,
or<u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Kolmogorov-Bateson
information<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="40" valign="top" style="width:23.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">4<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="383" valign="top" style="width:229.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">‘Meaningless’
information<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="376" valign="top" style="width:225.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">‘Meaningful’
information<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="40" valign="top" style="width:23.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">5<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="383" valign="top" style="width:229.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">I(-) information, or
simply I(-)<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="376" valign="top" style="width:225.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">I(+) information, or
simply I(+)<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="40" valign="top" style="width:23.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">6<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="383" valign="top" style="width:229.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Quantitative
information<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="376" valign="top" style="width:225.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Qualitative information<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="40" valign="top" style="width:23.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">7<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="383" valign="top" style="width:229.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Mathematical
information<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="376" valign="top" style="width:225.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Linguistic information
(see Statement (1))<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="40" valign="top" style="width:23.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">8<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="383" valign="top" style="width:229.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Formal information<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="376" valign="top" style="width:225.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Phenomenological
information <u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="40" valign="top" style="width:23.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">9<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="383" valign="top" style="width:229.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Interpretant-less sign
[4]<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="376" valign="top" style="width:225.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Triadic sign [4]<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black"> <u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black">(<b>3</b>) One
practical application of the <i>dual theory of
information </i>under discussion<i> </i>is
in deducing the structure of cell language, or the structure of the linguistics
of DNA, in a much more rigorous manner than was possible in
1997 [5]. <u></u><u></u></font></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="1" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:6pt"> It is the
common practice in biology to use the terms "letters",
"words", "sentences", and "texts" without any
rigorous definitions. The general rule is to follow the rules of
concatenations used in linguistics literally and say that <u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="1" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:6pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><font size="1" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:6pt">i</span></font></b><font size="1" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:6pt">) just as 26 letters in
the English alphabet are combined to form words (the process being
called the second articulation [5]), so the 4 letters of the genetic
alphabets, A, C, G and T/U, combine in triplets to form genetic
codons. Similarly, just as words form sentences and sentences form texts
by the same concatenation procedure (or tensor multiplication,
mathematically speaking , i.e, linearly arranging words and sentences,
respectively (see the second column in Table 2), so the 64 nucleotide triplets
combine to form proteins and proteins combine to form metabolic pathways
by continuing the concatenation process, or the tensor multiplication
of matrices of larger and larger sizes (see the fourth column, which is
based on the physical theory of information, i.e., without any involvement of<i> semantics</i> or the first
articulation). <u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font size="1" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:6pt">ii</span></font></b><font size="1" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:6pt">) In contrast to the fourth column just
described, we can justify an alternative structural assignments based
on the semantic theory of information as shown in the fifth column of <b>Table 2</b>. Here the letters of the cell
language alphabet are not always mononucloetoides but thought to
be n-nucleotides, such as dinucleotides (when n = 2), trinucleotides
(when n =3), tetranucleotides (when n = 4), penta-nucelotides (when n
= 5), etc. That is, unlike in human language where the letters of an
alphabet usually consist of one symbol, e.g., A, B, C, D, E, . . . , <i>I am claiming that in cell language, the letters can
be mononucloetides (i.e., A, G, C, T/U), dinucloeotides (i.e., AG,
AC, . . . .) , trinucleotides (i.e., ACT, GTA, . . . ),
tetranucleotides (i.e., ACTG, CCGT, . . . .), pentanucleotides (i.e.,
ACCTG, TCGAT, . . .) and, up to n-nucleotides (also called n-plets [2, 3]),
where n is an unknown number whose upper limit is not yet known (at least to
me). </i> If this conjecture turns out to be true, then the size of
the cell language alphabet can be much larger (10^3 - 10^9 ?) than the
size of a typical human linguistic alphabet which is usually less than
10^2, probably due to the limitation of the memory capacity of
the human brain.<br>
<br>
(<b>iii</b>) From linguistics, we learn
that there are at least 4 levels of organization, each level characterized by
a unique function (see the second column). Without
presenting any detailed argument, I just wish to suggest that
the linguistic structures deduced based on the semantic information theory
(i.e., the fifth column) agree with the human linguistic structures (i.e.,
the second column) better than does the linguistic structures based on the
physical/mathematical/quantita<wbr>tive information theory (i.e., the fourth
column), when the functional hierarchy given in the third column is taken
into account.<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<table class="m_4912495825080002806MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#EEECE1" style="background:#eeece1;border-collapse:collapse">
<tbody><tr>
<td width="799" colspan="5" valign="top" style="width:479.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font size="3">Table
2. </font></b>Two versions of the linguistics of DNA based on
(i) the physical information theory, and (ii) the semantic information theory
[1]. M stands for a 2x2 matrix whose elements are the 4 genetic nucleotides,
A, C, G and T/U, i.e., M = [C A; T G] (see Figure 16 in [2]). The symbol,
(x), indicates tensor multiplication [2, 3]. The I to II
transition is known in linguistics as the <font color="red">second articulation</font>; the II to III transition
as the <font color="red">first articulation</font>
[4]; the III to IV transition was referred to as the<font color="red"> third articulation</font> [5].<u></u><u></u></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="157" valign="top" style="width:94.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Organization
level<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="288" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:172.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><font size="3">Human
Language</font></i><u></u><u></u></p>
</td>
<td width="355" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:212.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><font size="3">Cell
Language</font></i><u></u><u></u></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="157" valign="top" style="width:94.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font size="3"> </font></b><u></u><u></u></p>
</td>
<td width="109" valign="top" style="width:65.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font size="3">Structure</font></b><u></u><u></u></p>
</td>
<td width="178" valign="top" style="width:106.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font size="3">Function/Semantics</font></b><u></u><u></u></p>
</td>
<td width="177" valign="top" style="width:106.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font size="3">Structure
based on the Physical Information Theory (PIT) </font></b>[1]<u></u><u></u></p>
</td>
<td width="177" valign="top" style="width:106.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font size="3">Structure
based on the Semantic Information Theory (SIT) </font></b>[1]<u></u><u></u></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="157" valign="top" style="width:94.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">I<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="109" valign="top" style="width:65.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Letters<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="178" valign="top" style="width:106.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Basic building <u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">blocks or basic
physical signals<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="177" valign="top" style="width:106.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">4 Nucleotides (A, C, G,
T/U);<u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">M = [C A;T G]*
<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="177" valign="top" style="width:106.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">mono-, di-,
trinucleotides, 4-plets, 5-plets, . . . , n-plets of nucleotides, . . .
<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="157" valign="top" style="width:94.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">II<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="109" valign="top" style="width:65.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Words<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="178" valign="top" style="width:106.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">To denote<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="177" valign="top" style="width:106.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">16 dinucleotides; <u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">M(x)M or M^2<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="177" valign="top" style="width:106.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Any combinations of the
n-plets/ genes/proteins<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="157" valign="top" style="width:94.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">III<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="109" valign="top" style="width:65.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Sentences<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="178" valign="top" style="width:106.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">To decide<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="177" valign="top" style="width:106.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">64 trinucleotides
/amino acids; <br>
M(x)M(x)M or M^3<u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"> <u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="177" valign="top" style="width:106.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Assembly of
genes/proteins; or metabolic pathways (MP)<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="157" valign="top" style="width:94.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">IV<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="109" valign="top" style="width:65.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Texts<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="178" valign="top" style="width:106.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">To argue/compute/<u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">reason (e.g.,
syllogism)<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="177" valign="top" style="width:106.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">254 tetranucleotides;<u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Metabolic pathways
(?); M(x)M(x)M(x)M or M^4<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
<td width="177" valign="top" style="width:106.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Networks of MP’s<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri">characterized by
a unique function (see the second column). Without
presenting any detailed argument, I would like to suggest that the
linguistic structures deduced based on the semantic information theory
(i.e., the fifth column) agree with the human linguistic structures (i.e.,
the second column) better than does the linguistic structures based on the
physical/mathematical/quantita<wbr>tive information theory (i.e., the fourth
column). <u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri">In other
words, the structure of cell language deduced based on the semantic
information theory agrees better, functionally, with that of the
human language than the structure of cell language deduced based on the
physical information theory, thus further supporting the
1997 postulate that cell and human languages are isomorphic [5, 6]. <u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri">If you have any
questions or suggestions for improvements on the above tables, I would
appreciate hearing from you.<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri">All the best.<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri">Sung<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri">References:<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"> </font><font size="4" color="black"><span style="font-size:13pt">[1] Emanuel
Diamant, </span></font><b><font size="4" color="black"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black;font-weight:bold">The brain is processing
information, not data. Does anybody care?, </span></font></b><font size="4" color="black"><span style="font-size:13pt">ISIS Summit Vienna 2015,
Extended Abstract. <a href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsciforum.net%2Fconference%2Fisis-summit-vienna-2015%2Fpaper%2F2842&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7C89f81861ee684f05e46b08d559d86fe1%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C1%7C636513708497810284&sdata=bMlZ324OoEHA5XMQibKiEFsm75NhcpkfIcSRUJbQZNg%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">http://sciforum.net/<wbr>conference/isis-summit-vienna-<wbr>2015/paper/2842</a></span></font><font color="black" face="Calibri"><u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"> </font><font color="black">[2] Petoukhov, S. (2017). Genetic
coding and united-hypercomplex systems in the models of algebraic biology. <i>BioSystems</i> <b>158</b>:</font><font size="2" color="#505050" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:10pt"> 31-46.</span></font><b><font color="black">
</font></b><font color="black" face="Calibri"> <u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4" color="#212121"><span style="font-size:13pt"> [3]</span></font><a name="m_4912495825080002806_m_-586494571114777135_m_4646700428272669"><font size="2" color="black" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span></font></a><font size="2" color="black" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:10pt">Petoukhov, S. (2016). </span></font><font color="black" face="Arial">The system-resonance
approach in modeling genetic<br>
structures. <i>BiosySystems</i> <b>139</b>:1-11.</font><font color="black"><u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Arial"> [4] Ji, S. (2017).</font><i><font color="black">Neo-Semiotics</font></i><font color="black">: Introducing Zeroness into Peircean
Semiotics May Bridge the Knowable and the Unknowable. <i>Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol</i>. <b>131</b>:387-401. PDF at <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079610717300858?via%3Dihub" id="m_4912495825080002806m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665LPlnk698222" target="_blank">http://www.sciencedirect.co<wbr>m/science/article/pii/S0079610<wbr>717300858?via%3Dihub</a></font><font size="5" color="black"><br>
</font><font color="black" face="Arial"> [5] </font><font size="1" color="#333333" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:6pt">Ji, S.
(1997). </span></font><font color="black" face="Arial"><a href="http://www.conformon.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Isomorphism1.pdf" target="_blank">Isomorphism between cell and human languages: molecualr
biological, bioinformatic and linguistic implications. </a></font><em style="box-sizing:border-box"><i><font size="1" color="#333333" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:6pt">BioSystems</span></font></i></em><font size="1" color="#333333" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:6pt"> <b>44</b>:17<wbr>-39. PDF at <a href="http://www.conformon.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Isomorphism1.pdf" id="m_4912495825080002806m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665LPlnk777944" target="_blank">http://www.conformon.net/wp<wbr>-content/uploads/2012/05/Isomo<wbr>rphism1.pdf</a></span></font><font color="black"><u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="m_4912495825080002806m-586494571114777135m4646700428272669665xmsonormal"><font size="3" color="red" face="Calibri"> </font><font color="black">[6] Ji, S. (2017). The Cell Language Theory:
Connecting Mind and Matter. World Scientific, New Jersey. Chapter 5<i>. </i></font><font color="black" face="Calibri"><u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"> <u></u><u></u></font></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri">
<hr size="3" width="98%" align="center" style="display:inline-block">
</font></div>
<div id="m_4912495825080002806m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665divRplyFwdMsg">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11pt">From:</span></font></b><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11pt"> Fis <<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>> on behalf of Emanuel
Diamant <<a href="mailto:emanl.245@gmail.com" target="_blank">emanl.245@gmail.com</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, January 12, 2018
11:20 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Fis] I salute to
Sungchul</span></font><font color="black" face="Calibri"> <u></u><u></u></font></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"> <u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="m_4912495825080002806m-586494571114777135m4646700428272669665xmsonormal0"><font size="4" color="black"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black">Dear FISers, </span></font><font color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Calibri;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="m_4912495825080002806m-586494571114777135m4646700428272669665xmsonormal0"><font size="4" color="black"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black"> </span></font><font color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Calibri;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="m_4912495825080002806m-586494571114777135m4646700428272669665xmsonormal0"><font size="4" color="black"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black">I would like to express my pleasure with the current state of our
discourse – an evident attempt to reach a more common understanding about
information issues and to enrich preliminary given assessments. </span></font><font color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Calibri;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="m_4912495825080002806m-586494571114777135m4646700428272669665xmsonormal0"><font size="4" color="black"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black">In this regard, I would like to add my comment to Sungchul’s
post of January 12, 2018. </span></font><font color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Calibri;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="m_4912495825080002806m-586494571114777135m4646700428272669665xmsonormal0"><font size="4" color="black"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black"> </span></font><font color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Calibri;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="m_4912495825080002806m-586494571114777135m4646700428272669665xmsonormal0"><font size="4" color="black"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black">Sungchul proposes “to recognize two distinct types of
information which, for the lack of better terms, may be referred to as the
"meaningless information" or I(-) and "meaningful
information" or I(+)”. </span></font><font color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Calibri;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="m_4912495825080002806m-586494571114777135m4646700428272669665xmsonormal0"><font size="4" color="black"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black">That is exactly what I am trying to put forward for years, albeit
under more historically rooted names: Physical and Semantic information [1].
Never mind, what is crucially important here is that the duality of information
becomes publicly recognized and accepted by FIS community.</span></font><font color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Calibri;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="m_4912495825080002806m-586494571114777135m4646700428272669665xmsonormal0"><font size="4" color="black"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black"> </span></font><font color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Calibri;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="m_4912495825080002806m-586494571114777135m4646700428272669665xmsonormal0"><font size="4" color="black"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black">I salute to Sungchul’s suggestion!</span></font><font color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Calibri;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="m_4912495825080002806m-586494571114777135m4646700428272669665xmsonormal0"><font size="4" color="black"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black"> </span></font><font color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Calibri;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="m_4912495825080002806m-586494571114777135m4646700428272669665xmsonormal0"><font size="4" color="black"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black">Best regards, Emanuel.</span></font><font color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Calibri;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="m_4912495825080002806m-586494571114777135m4646700428272669665xmsonormal0"><font size="4" color="black"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black"> </span></font><font color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Calibri;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="m_4912495825080002806m-586494571114777135m4646700428272669665xmsonormal0"><font size="4" color="black"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black">[1] Emanuel Diamant, </span></font><b><font size="4" color="black"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black;font-weight:bold">The
brain is processing information, not data. Does anybody care?, </span></font></b><font size="4" color="black"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black">ISIS
Summit Vienna 2015, Extended Abstract. <a href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsciforum.net%2Fconference%2Fisis-summit-vienna-2015%2Fpaper%2F2842&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7C89f81861ee684f05e46b08d559d86fe1%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C1%7C636513708497810284&sdata=bMlZ324OoEHA5XMQibKiEFsm75NhcpkfIcSRUJbQZNg%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">http://sciforum.net/conference<wbr>/isis-summit-vienna-2015/paper<wbr>/2842</a>
</span></font><font color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Calibri;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="m_4912495825080002806m-586494571114777135m4646700428272669665xmsonormal0"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black"> <u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="m_4912495825080002806m-586494571114777135m4646700428272669665xmsonormal0"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black"> <u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="m_4912495825080002806m-586494571114777135m4646700428272669665xmsonormal0"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black"> <u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><font size="3">______________________________<wbr>_________________<br>
Fis mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br>
<a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bi<wbr>n/mailman/listinfo/fis</a><u></u><u></u></font></p>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="#888888"><br>
<br clear="all">
<span class="m_4912495825080002806hoenzb"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="m_4912495825080002806hoenzb"><font size="3" color="#888888">-- </font><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<div data-smartmail="gmail_signature">
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="1" color="#888888" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:5pt">Alex Hankey M.A.
(Cantab.) PhD (M.I.T.)<br>
Distinguished Professor of Yoga and Physical Science,<br>
SVYASA, Eknath Bhavan, 19 Gavipuram Circle<br>
Bangalore 560019, Karnataka, India <br>
Mobile (Intn'l): <a href="tel:+44%207710%20534195" value="+447710534195" target="_blank">+44 7710 534195</a> </span></font><u></u><u></u></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="1" color="#888888" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:5pt">Mobile (India) <a href="tel:+91%2090080%2008789" value="+919008008789" target="_blank">+91 900
800 8789</a></span></font><font color="#888888"><u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="1" color="#888888" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:5pt">______________________________<wbr>______________________________<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="1" color="#888888" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:5pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="1" color="#888888" face="Georgia"><span style="font-size:5pt"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00796107/119/3" target="_blank"><font color="#1155cc">2015 JPBMB
Special Issue on Integral Biomathics: Life Sciences, Mathematics and
Phenomenological Philosophy</font></a></span></font><font size="1" color="#888888" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:5pt"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><font size="3"><br>
______________________________<wbr>_________________<br>
Fis mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br>
<a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bi<wbr>n/mailman/listinfo/fis</a><u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><br>
<br clear="all">
<u></u><u></u></font></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><u></u> <u></u></font></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">-- <u></u><u></u></font></p>
<div data-smartmail="gmail_signature">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">Professor Terrence W. Deacon<br>
University of California, Berkeley<u></u><u></u></font></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<u></u></div></div></div><br>______________________________<wbr>_________________<br>
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<br></blockquote></div><br><br clear="all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature">Dr. Mark William Johnson<br>Institute of Learning and Teaching<br>Faculty of Health and Life Sciences<br>University of Liverpool<br><br>Phone: 07786 064505<br>Email: <a href="mailto:johnsonmwj1@gmail.com" target="_blank">johnsonmwj1@gmail.com</a><br>Blog: <a href="http://dailyimprovisation.blogspot.com" target="_blank">http://dailyimprovisation.blogspot.com</a></div>
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