<div dir="ltr"><div>Hi all,</div><div><br></div>I would be very encouraged if we are trying to develop beyond mere lists of different uses of the term 'information' TO structured taxonomies of distinct types of information TO a generative logic of how these distinct modes of a complex information relationship are interrelated.<div><br><div>Dualistically distinguishing intrinsic properties of an informing medium from relational properties that determine its reference provides an important first step in growing the concept to encompas its full usefulness. But I hope that we will also eventually begin to attend to the functional value that the coveyed reference provides, since this too is often also implicitly part of the various uses of the term 'infomation' in colloquial and even scientific use. This requires more careful parsing of the term "meaning" that is often invoked.</div><div><br></div><div>For instance, one can receive information that is unambiguously "about" something but where that which it is about is already known and therefore is "functionally redundant" (not to be confused with signal redundancy). Or this information can be about something that is irrelevant to a given function or end, while still being information about something. </div><div><br></div><div>An example would be telling me the time when I already know what time it is. The statement about the time does indeed "mean" something—i.e. it is not meaningless as gibberish woiuld be. Similarly, if I ask to know the current temperature and I am instead told the time, the reference provided would be useless to me—i.e. it wouldn't "make a difference" in the colloquial English sense of that phrase. The concept of "meaning" tends to collapse or conflate these two distinctions—reference and significance—which I think we should endeavor to distinguish.</div><div><br></div><div>In this respect I like the suggestion by Alex Hankey that we consider an example like the barely conscious "feeling" of being watched which both conveys information about an extrinsic state of affairs and additionally has a functional relevance which is implicit in the discomfort it typically elicits. Both the aboutness and the significance are relational, not intrinsic properties of information. They are are distinct relations because they are asymmetrically dependent on one another. Thus if I am entirely unaware of being watched I am nnot discomforted by it. </div><div><br></div><div>Note also the difference in these relational attrributes: aboutness or reference is "in relation to" some state of affairs, whereas significance or value is "in relation to" some <i>telos</i> intrinsic to an interpreting agent or system.</div><div><br></div><div>Exploring such nondiscursive examples can help us to escape the tendency to use language-like communication as the paradigm exemplar. The analysis of the information intrinsic to and conveyed by music might in this respect provide a useful platform for future discussion.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Are there other critical distinctions that we additionally need to highlight?</div></div><div><br></div><div>Happy New Year, Terry</div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Fri, Jan 12, 2018 at 9:24 PM, Alex Hankey <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:alexhankey@gmail.com" target="_blank">alexhankey@gmail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">And what about the Kinds of Information that you cannot put in a data set? <div>The information that makes you turn your head and meet the gaze of someone staring at you.</div><div>No one could do that, which we humans and all animals do constantly, </div><div>unless we had received such information at a subliminal level in the brain. </div><div>We all have that capacity, it is vital for survival in the wild. All animals do it. </div><div>The 'Sense of Being Stared At' is a common experience for most animals, </div><div>how far down the tree of life no one yet knows. </div><div><br></div><div>Whatever triggers it is definitely 'A Difference that Makes a Difference', </div><div>so fits in your definition of 'Meaningful Information' - it has to! </div><div>BUT IT CANNOT BE DIGITAL INFORMATION.</div><div>Please Face Up to This Fact. </div><div><br></div><div>All best wishes, </div><div><br></div><div>Alex </div><div><br></div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div><div class="h5">On 13 January 2018 at 07:30, Sungchul Ji <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:sji@pharmacy.rutgers.edu" target="_blank">sji@pharmacy.rutgers.edu</a>></span> wrote:<br></div></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div><div class="h5">
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<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">Hi Emmanuel and FISers,</p>
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<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">Thank you, Emmanuel, for your generous remarks. It is heartening to know that our ideas converge, although we carried out our research independently of each other, a clear example of consilience.</p>
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<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">(<b>1</b>) I like and agree with the Kolomogorov quote you cited in [1]:</p>
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<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><span style="font-size:12pt">"<b>Information is a linguistic description of structures in a given data set.</b>" </span><br>
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<div>It seems to me that there are 4 key concepts embedded in the above quote, which we may view as the definition of what may be called the "Komogorov information" or the "Kolmogorov-Bateson information" for the convenience of reference:</div>
<div><br>
<b>i</b>) data set (e.g., ACAGTCAACGGTCCAA) </div>
<div><b>ii</b>) linguistic description (e.g., Threonine, Valine, Asparagine, Glycine)</div>
<div><b>iii</b>) structure (e.g., 16 mononucdotide, 8 dinucldotides, 5 trinucleotides plus 1)</div>
<div><b>iv</b>) mathematical description (e.g., tensor product of two 2x2 matrices of 4 nucleotides) [2, 3].</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>The first three elements are obvious, but the 4th is not so obvious but justified in view of the recent work of Petoukhov [2, 3]. </div>
<div><br>
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<div><span style="font-size:12pt">(<b>2</b>) Based on these ideas, I have constructed
<b>Table 1</b> below of the various names applied to the two kinds of information which I described as I(-) and I(+) in my previous post. </span></div>
<div><span style="font-size:12pt"> </span><br>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Table 1.
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The
<i>arbitrariness</i> of the signs referring to ‘information’. It doesn’t matter what you call it, as long as your chosen label refers to the right reality, thing, process, mechanisms, etc.
<b> </b><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">1<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Type I Information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Type II information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Physical Information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Sematic information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Shannon information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Kolmogorov information, or<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Kolmogorov-Bateson information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">4<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">‘Meaningless’ information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">‘Meaningful’ information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">5<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">I(-) information, or simply I(-)<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">I(+) information, or simply I(+)<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">6<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Quantitative information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Qualitative information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">7<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Mathematical information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Linguistic information (see Statement (1))<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">8<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Formal information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Phenomenological information
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">9<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Interpretant-less sign [4]<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Triadic sign [4]<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><u></u>(<b>3</b>) One practical application of the
<i>dual theory of information </i>under discussion<i> </i>is in deducing the structure of cell language, or the structure of the linguistics of DNA, in a much more rigorous manner than was possible in 1997 [5]. <br>
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It is the common practice in biology to use the terms "letters", "words", "sentences", and "texts" without any rigorous definitions. The general rule is to follow the rules of concatenations used in linguistics literally and say that </div>
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<b>i</b>) just as 26 letters in the English alphabet are combined to form words (the process being called the second articulation [5]), so the 4 letters of the genetic alphabets, A, C, G and T/U, combine in triplets to form genetic codons. Similarly, just
as words form sentences and sentences form texts by the same concatenation procedure (or tensor multiplication, mathematically speaking , i.e, linearly arranging words and sentences, respectively (see the second column in Table 2), so the 64 nucleotide triplets
combine to form proteins and proteins combine to form metabolic pathways by continuing the concatenation process, or the tensor multiplication of matrices of larger and larger sizes (see the fourth column, which is based on the physical theory of information,
i.e., without any involvement of<i> semantics</i> or the first articulation). <br>
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<b>ii</b>) In contrast to the fourth column just described, we can justify an alternative structural assignments based on the semantic theory of information as shown in the fifth column of
<b>Table 2</b>. Here the letters of the cell language alphabet are not always mononucloetoides but thought to be n-nucleotides, such as dinucleotides (when n = 2), trinucleotides (when n =3), tetranucleotides (when n = 4), penta-nucelotides (when n = 5), etc.
That is, unlike in human language where the letters of an alphabet usually consist of one symbol, e.g., A, B, C, D, E, . . . ,
<i>I am claiming that in cell language, the letters can be mononucloetides (i.e., A, G, C, T/U), dinucloeotides (i.e., AG, AC, . . . .) , trinucleotides (i.e., ACT, GTA, . . . ), tetranucleotides (i.e., ACTG, CCGT, . . . .), pentanucleotides (i.e., ACCTG,
TCGAT, . . .) and, up to n-nucleotides (also called n-plets [2, 3]), where n is an unknown number whose upper limit is not yet known (at least to me). </i> If this conjecture turns out to be true, then the size of the cell language alphabet can be much larger
(10^3 - 10^9 ?) than the size of a typical human linguistic alphabet which is usually less than 10^2, probably due to the limitation of the memory capacity of the human brain.<br>
<br>
(<b>iii</b>) From linguistics, we learn that there are at least 4 levels of organization, each level characterized by a unique function (see the second column). Without presenting any detailed argument, I just wish to suggest that the linguistic structures
deduced based on the semantic information theory (i.e., the fifth column) agree with the human linguistic structures (i.e., the second column) better than does the linguistic structures based on the physical/mathematical/quantita<wbr>tive information theory (i.e.,
the fourth column), when the functional hierarchy given in the third column is taken into account.</div>
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<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Table 2.
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Two versions of the linguistics of DNA based on (i) the physical information theory, and (ii) the semantic information theory [1]. M stands for a 2x2 matrix whose elements are
the 4 genetic nucleotides, A, C, G and T/U, i.e., M = [C A; T G] (see Figure 16 in [2]). The symbol, (x), indicates tensor multiplication [2, 3]. The I to II transition is known in linguistics as the
<span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)">second articulation</span>; the II to III transition as the
<span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)">first articulation</span> [4]; the III to IV transition was referred to as the<span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)"> third articulation</span> [5].</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Organization level<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="230" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:172.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Human Language<u></u><u></u></span></i></p>
</td>
<td width="284" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:212.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Cell Language<u></u><u></u></span></i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></b></p>
</td>
<td width="88" valign="top" style="width:65.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Structure<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Function/Semantics<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Structure based on the Physical Information Theory (PIT)
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">[1]<b><u></u><u></u></b></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Structure based on the Semantic Information Theory (SIT)
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">[1]<b><u></u><u></u></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">I<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="88" valign="top" style="width:65.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Letters<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Basic building
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">blocks or basic physical signals<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">4 Nucleotides (A, C, G, T/U);<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">M = [C A;T G]* <u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">mono-, di-, trinucleotides, 4-plets, 5-plets, . . . , n-plets of nucleotides, . . .
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">II<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="88" valign="top" style="width:65.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Words<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">To denote<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">16 dinucleotides;
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">M(x)M or M^2<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Any combinations of the n-plets/ genes/proteins<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">III<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="88" valign="top" style="width:65.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Sentences<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">To decide<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">64 trinucleotides /amino acids;
<br>
M(x)M(x)M or M^3<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Assembly of genes/proteins; or metabolic pathways (MP)<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">IV<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="88" valign="top" style="width:65.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Texts<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">To argue/compute/<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">reason (e.g., syllogism)<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">254 tetranucleotides;<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Metabolic pathways (?); </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt">M(x)M(x)M(x)M or M^4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Networks of MP’s<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br>
</div>
<div><span style="font-size:12pt">characterized by a </span><span style="font-size:12pt">unique function (see the second column). Without presenting </span><span style="font-size:12pt">any detailed argument, I would like to </span><span style="font-size:12pt">suggest
that the linguistic structures deduced based on the semantic information theory (i.e., </span><span style="font-size:12pt">the fifth column) agree with the human linguistic structures (i.e., the second column) </span><span style="font-size:12pt">better
than does the linguistic structures based on the physical/mathematical/quantita<wbr>tive information theory (i.e., the fourth column). </span><br>
</div>
<div>In other words, the structure of cell language deduced based on the semantic information theory agrees better, functionally, with that of the human language than the structure of cell language deduced based on the physical information theory, thus further supporting
the 1997 postulate that cell and human languages are isomorphic [5, 6]. </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div><span style="font-size:12pt">If you have any questions or suggestions for improvements on the above tables, I would appreciate hearing from you.</span><br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>All the best.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Sung</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>References:</div><span>
<div> <span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[1] Emanuel Diamant, </span><b style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif,EmojiFont,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji",NotoColorEmoji,"Segoe UI Symbol","Android Emoji",EmojiSymbols;font-size:16px"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:13pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The
brain is processing information, not data. Does anybody care?, </span></b><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ISIS Summit Vienna 2015, Extended Abstract. <a href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsciforum.net%2Fconference%2Fisis-summit-vienna-2015%2Fpaper%2F2842&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7C89f81861ee684f05e46b08d559d86fe1%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C1%7C636513708497810284&sdata=bMlZ324OoEHA5XMQibKiEFsm75NhcpkfIcSRUJbQZNg%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">http://sciforum.net/<wbr>conference/isis-summit-vienna-<wbr>2015/paper/2842</a></span></div>
</span><div> <span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
[2] Petoukhov, S. (2017). Genetic coding and united-hypercomplex systems in the models of algebraic biology.
<i>BioSystems</i> <b>158</b>:</span><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(80,80,80)"> 31-46.</span><b style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">
</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#212121"> [3]</span><a name="m_-586494571114777135_m_4646700428272669665_Display"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">
</span></a><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Petoukhov, S. (2016).
</span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">The system-resonance approach in modeling genetic<br>
structures. <i>BiosySystems</i> <b>139</b>:1-11.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"> [4] Ji, S. (2017).<i><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Neo-Semiotics</span></i><span style="font-size:18pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">:
Introducing Zeroness into Peircean Semiotics May Bridge the Knowable and the Unknowable.
<i>Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol</i>. <b>131</b>:387-401. PDF at <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079610717300858?via%3Dihub" class="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665OWAAutoLink" id="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665LPlnk698222" target="_blank">http://www.sciencedirect.co<wbr>m/science/article/pii/S0079610<wbr>717300858?via%3Dihub</a></span><br>
</span> [5] <span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Lato,sans-serif;font-size:16px">Ji, S. (1997). </span><a href="http://www.conformon.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Isomorphism1.pdf" target="_blank">Isomorphism
between cell and human languages: molecualr biological, bioinformatic and linguistic implications. </a><em style="box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Lato,sans-serif;font-size:16px">BioSystems</em><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Lato,sans-serif;font-size:16px"> </span><span style="box-sizing:border-box;font-weight:700;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Lato,sans-serif;font-size:16px">44</span><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Lato,sans-serif;font-size:16px">:17<wbr>-39.
PDF at <a href="http://www.conformon.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Isomorphism1.pdf" class="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665OWAAutoLink" id="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665LPlnk777944" target="_blank">http://www.conformon.net/wp<wbr>-content/uploads/2012/05/Isomo<wbr>rphism1.pdf</a></span><br>
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665xmsonormal">
<span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:red"><u></u> <u></u></span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[6] Ji, S. (2017). The Cell Language Theory: Connecting Mind and Matter. World Scientific, New Jersey.
Chapter 5</span><i style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">. </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><i><br>
</i><b><u></u><u></u></b></span></p>
</div>
<div> <br>
<div><br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div><br>
<br>
<div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<hr style="display:inline-block;width:98%">
<div id="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Fis <<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>> on behalf of Emanuel Diamant <<a href="mailto:emanl.245@gmail.com" target="_blank">emanl.245@gmail.com</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, January 12, 2018 11:20 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a><span><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Fis] I salute to Sungchul</span></font>
<div> </div>
</div>
<div lang="EN-US">
<div class="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665x_WordSection1">
<p class="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Dear FISers,
</span></p><div><div class="m_-586494571114777135h5">
<p class="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> </span></p>
<p class="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">I would like to express my pleasure with the current state of our discourse – an evident attempt to reach a more common understanding about information issues and to
enrich preliminary given assessments. </span></p>
<p class="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">In this regard, I would like to add my comment to Sungchul’s post of January 12, 2018.
</span></p>
<p class="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> </span></p>
<p class="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Sungchul proposes “to recognize two distinct types of information which, for the lack of better terms, may be referred to as the "meaningless information" or I(-)
and "meaningful information" or I(+)”. </span></p>
<p class="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">That is exactly what I am trying to put forward for years, albeit under more historically rooted names: Physical and Semantic information [1]. Never mind, what is crucially
important here is that the duality of information becomes publicly recognized and accepted by FIS community.</span></p>
<p class="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> </span></p>
<p class="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">I salute to Sungchul’s suggestion!</span></p>
<p class="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> </span></p>
<p class="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Best regards, Emanuel.</span></p>
<p class="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> </span></p>
<p class="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">[1] Emanuel Diamant, </span><b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The brain is processing information, not data. Does anybody
care?, </span></b><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">ISIS Summit Vienna 2015, Extended Abstract.
<a href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsciforum.net%2Fconference%2Fisis-summit-vienna-2015%2Fpaper%2F2842&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7C89f81861ee684f05e46b08d559d86fe1%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C1%7C636513708497810284&sdata=bMlZ324OoEHA5XMQibKiEFsm75NhcpkfIcSRUJbQZNg%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">
http://sciforum.net/conference<wbr>/isis-summit-vienna-2015/<wbr>paper/2842</a> </span></p>
<p class="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="m_-586494571114777135m_4646700428272669665x_MsoNormal"> </p>
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<br></blockquote></div><span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888"><br><br clear="all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div class="m_-586494571114777135gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px;border-collapse:collapse">Alex Hankey M.A. (Cantab.) PhD</span><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px;border-collapse:collapse"> (M.I.T.)<br>Distinguished Professor of Yoga and Physical Science,<br>
SVYASA, Eknath Bhavan, 19 Gavipuram Circle<br>
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