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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.0pt"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"
lang="EN-US">Given that the archive system does not
preserve the attached files, I include herewith the whole
text of the NY Lecture</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.0pt"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"
lang="EN-US">Best--Pedro <br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.0pt"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"
lang="EN-US">-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.0pt"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"
lang="EN-US"><br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.0pt"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"
lang="EN-US">New Year Essay for FIS</span><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New
Roman"" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.0pt"><b><span
style="font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black" lang="EN-US">Reflections on
Evolution
Theory. J. S. Torday</span></b><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New
Roman"" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</o:smarttagtype></p>
<o:smarttagtype
namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="place">
<ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal"
style="color:#222222;margin-bottom:8.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1
lfo1; tab-stops:list
36.0pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline"><b><span
style="font-family:"Times New
Roman";background:white" lang="EN-US">BRIEF CRITICISM
of Current Evolution Theory</span></b><b><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman""
lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
</o:smarttagtype><br>
<o:smarttagtype
namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="place"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype
namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="place"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype
namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="place">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-top:2.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-outline-level:
3"><span style="font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black" lang="EN-US">When I
think of evolutionary biology I think of Paul Gauguin’s
painting</span><span style="font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:#1E4D78" lang="EN-US"> “</span><span
lang="EN-US"><a
href="https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=AwrT6VvsKjRaox8AFGMPxQt.;_ylu=X3oDMTEyMWVmNzJpBGNvbG8DZ3ExBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDQjQ5ODFfMQRzZWMDc3I-/RV=2/RE=1513397100/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fWhere_Do_We_Come_From%253F_What_Are_We%253F_Where_Are_We_Going%253F/RK=2/RS=61chECAD2IhvlKlXb8ri3l3xT8M-"><span
style="font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none">Where Do We Come From? What Are We?
Where Are We Going</span></a></span><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"
lang="EN-US">”. These questions
arise from time to time. In a sense, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Darwin</st1:place></st1:city>’s
reply was to free us from The Great Chain of Being, only to
leave us in limbo
with metaphors like random mutation and Natural Selection,
which are
scientifically untestable and unrefutable. I seriously began
addressing this
problem about 20 years ago, having come across a new addition
to the Modern
Synthesis, the application of developmental biology to
evolution theory, or
EvoDevo. Thinking that the evolutionists had discovered the
kind of science
being done by me and my peers on the cell-cell communication
mechanisms that
mediate embryogenesis. Only to find that <u>there is
literally no cell biology
in evolution theory<b><sup> 1</sup></b></u>. This gap in the
Evolutionary
Biology literature is apparently the result of a historic
glitch, the
evolutionists relinquishing the work being done by Haeckel
(‘Ontogeny
Recapitulates Phylogeny’) and Spemann (‘Organizer’ hypothesis)
at the end of
the 19<sup>th</sup> Century for want of mechanisms for these
concepts that
would advance the field of Evolutionary Biology. Instead, the
evolutionists
embraced genetics as their means of promoting evolution
science. </span><b><span style="font-family:"Times New
Roman"" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-top:2.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-outline-level:
3"><span style="font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black" lang="EN-US">In
retrospect, that was an unfortunate decision since
embryogenesis is the only
mechanism we know of that generates form and function, which
is the essence of
evolutionary change. But the mechanism of embryogenesis
through growth factor
signaling between cells would have to wait until the mid-20<sup>th</sup>
Century. Having made one of the original observations in
support of cell-cell
signaling and lung development, after 50 years of
investigation we had
assembled a working model of lung alveolar structure and
function in 2007 <b><sup>2</sup></b>,
employing dynamic space-time mechanisms of cell-cell signaling
necessary for
alveolar formation and function. Such a deep, transcendent
perspective on the
origins of biologic gas-exchange, referring all the way back
to the cellular
adaptation to gravity, begged the question as to how and why
this mechanism evolved.
So I decided to apply what I knew about lung development,
phylogeny and
pathophysiology at the cellular-molecular level as a means of
deconvoluting
lung evolution <b><sup>3</sup></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-top:2.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-outline-level:
3"><b><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman""
lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:0cm;line-height:200%;
mso-outline-level:3;mso-list:l1 level1
lfo2;background:white;vertical-align:
baseline"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:#222222" lang="EN-US"><span
style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt
"Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#222222;background:white" lang="EN-US">EPIGENESIS: new
findings</span></b><b><span style="font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:#222222" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:200%"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"
lang="EN-US">Such musings about
the cellular origins of the organ of gas-exchange were further
advanced by the
discovery in our laboratory that the cause of childhood asthma
was epigenetic <b><sup>4</sup></b>.
Exposure of pregnant rats to nicotine, the biologically active
ingredient in
cigarette smoke that causes asthma, could induce this disease
molecularly,
cellularly and phenotypically for at least three generations,
opening up to new
ideas about how organisms directly inherit genetic traits from
their
environment, as first suggested by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in
the 18<sup>th</sup>
Century. The prospect of epigenetic inheritance being a major
effector of
evolution gave rise to a novel way of thinking about
evolution, not as the
Darwinian merging of gene pools for reproduction, but as a
heritable change in
DNA readout, particularly with reference to The First
Principles of Physiology-
negentropy, chemiosmosis and homeostasis-homeorhesis- that
emerged from the
cellular approach to the mechanism of evolutionary adaptation.
Again, because
there is such a breadth and depth of knowledge of lung biology
across species
in combination with lung pathobiology, it became apparent that
there was a
causal relationship between geochemical changes during the
Earth’s history and
their affects on the evolution of gas-exchange, reinforcing
the idea that
evolution was non-random and that the forces of evolution were
those of Nature-
gravity, gases, ions, heavy metals. By reducing the phenotypes
of development
and phylogeny to their cellular-molecular elements in
relationship to what was
occurring in the environment, a narrative for evolution could
be formed <b><sup>5</sup></b>.
</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman""
lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:200%"><b><span
style="font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:#222222;background:white" lang="EN-US">3.
EPIGENESIS: its evolutionary significance </span></b><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:200%"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"
lang="EN-US">For example,
recent data on the history of oxygen levels in the atmosphere
have made it
apparent that they have not gone up gradually, but have gone
up and down fairly
dramatically, varying between 15 and 35% over the last 500
million years. The
effects of hyperoxia fostering giant organisms have been known
for a long time,
but no one had considered the concomitant consequences of
hypoxia, the most
potent natural effector of physiology known. The effects of
alternating
hyperoxia and hypoxia gave way to an evolutionary
understanding of the advent
of endothermy/homeothermy <b><sup>6</sup></b>, and to
insights to consciousness
that diverged from various dogmas of biology. </span><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New
Roman"" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:200%"><span
style="font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black" lang="EN-US">A recent
breakthrough in transcending
descriptive biology is the recognition of the critical
importance of epigenetic
inheritance in the evolutionary process and its crucial role
in reproduction.
Indeed, mammalian reproduction is critically dependent upon
several endoviral
endogenizations. Lewis Wolpert <b><sup>7</sup></b> has stated
that “It is not
birth, death or marriage, but gastrulation which is truly the
most important
time in your life”, gastrulation being the stage of
embryogenesis during which
the mesodermal germ layer is formed, dictating the further
development of the
fetus through interactions between the mesoderm, endoderm and
ectoderm. It is
now known that the genes that control the transition from the
blastula to the
gastrula undergo epigenetic modifications, offering a
mechanistic basis for
understanding how such epigenetic marks affect embryogenesis.
Therefore, the
local environment largely determines the immediate impact of
epigenetic
inheritance that is limited and edited during meiosis, and
then again during
morphogenesis as a derivative of the unicellular state.
Therefore, the zygotic
unicellular state must be properly appreciated as the crucial
intermediary in
the modulation of these epigenetic influences, not merely
because that phase
lies between, but as the embodiment of the
reiteratively-elaborated eukaryotic
organism. The obligatory return to the unicellular stage
through sexual
reproduction is the controlled process that permits that
crucial re-centering
and modulation of both the Epigenome and the intrinsic genome.
It is this
recapitulation through the zygotic unicell with its unique
capacities that can
account for both the remarkable stability over time of many
species and the
phenotypic plasticity of others, something that cannot be
readily accommodated
by a random mutation/selection Darwinian model. </span><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:200%"><span
style="font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black" lang="EN-US">Indeed,
the proper perspective for the extent of
the influence of the zygotic unicell is to look beyond the
alluring structure
and function of multicellular organisms and instead accept
that eukaryotic
organisms have never actually left their unicellular state—the
myriad
permutations and combinations that Francois Jacob referred to
as “tinkering” <b><sup>8</sup></b>
are merely ways in which the dominant unicell has flexibly
adapted to an
ever-changing environment. It is as if the unicellular state
delegates its
progeny to interact with the environment as agents, collecting
data to inform
the recapitulating unicell of ecological changes that are
occurring. Through
the acquisition and filtering of epigenetic marks via meiosis,
fertilization,
and embryogenesis, even on into adulthood, where the endocrine
system dictates
the length and depth of the stages of the life cycle, now
known to be under
epigenetic control, the unicell remains in effective synchrony
with
environmental changes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:200%"><span
style="font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:200%"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"
lang="EN-US">4. </span><b><span
style="font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:#222222;background:white" lang="EN-US">TWO
ENDS: one for biologists, the other for physicists </span></b><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:200%"><span
style="font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:#222222;background:white" lang="EN-US">The
power</span><span style="font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black" lang="EN-US">
of the cellular-molecular approach has revealed itself by
gaining insight to
the long-sought mechanistic relationship between physics and
biology. As
mentioned above, the reduction of lung evolution to the
unicellular state was a
consequence of the realization that the adaptation to varying
levels of oxygen
in the atmosphere was accommodated by the physical chemistry
of the cell,
initially by the insertion of cholesterol into the cell
membrane of unicellular
eukaryotes, our forebears, and subsequently through cell-cell
interactions that
mediate the production of lung surfactant, the evolved
functional state of
cholesterol in the gas-exchanger of multicellular organisms. </span><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:200%"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"
lang="EN-US">As a result of the
internal consistency of the cellular molecular mechanisms that
mediate gas-exchange
by the lung, both developmentally and phylogenetically, the
mechanistic basis
for the well-recognized pre-adaptations/exaptations were
traced back to the
novel concept for The First Principles of Physiology in the
protocell. The
utilization of cholesterol delivered by the frozen snowball
asteroids that
pelted the atmosphereless Earth to form the oceans
spontaneously formed
micelles, primitive cell-like spheres composed of
semipermeable lipid
membranes. Insight to that mechanism was derived from the
synthesis of
cholesterol when the oxygen levels on Earth were great enough
to provide the 11
atoms of oxygen needed to synthesize one molecule of
cholesterol. Or what the discoverer
of the cholesterol synthetic pathway, Konrad Bloch, referred
to as a ‘molecular
fossil’. Importantly, lipids also exhibit hysteresis, or
‘molecular memory’,
which is essential for evolution so that the organism
‘remembers’ its biologic
past in order to mount a response to environmental stress.</span><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-top:2.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-outline-level:
3"><span style="font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black" lang="EN-US">With the
assembly of these ‘pieces’ of the evolutionary puzzle, it was
realized that
there were homologies between The First Principles of
Physiology and Quantum
Mechanics. The Pauli Exclusion Principle is homologous with
the First
Principles of Physiology; the ambiguity generated by the
micelle, with its
internal negative entropy and external positive entropy
accommodated the
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle; and the non-localization of
particles in the
Cosmos is homologous with the pleiotropic distribution of
genes within the
organism, as is the formation of electrochemical fields due to
the coherence of
calcium waves resulting from the pleiotropic distribution of
genes<b><sup>9</sup></b>.
</span><b><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman""
lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New
Roman"" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-top:2.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-outline-level:
3"><span style="font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black" lang="EN-US">The basis
for the interrelationships between physics and biology are
likely due to their
common origins in the Singularity/Big Bang, forming the
Cosmos, and in the
process generating the recoil due to Newton’s Third Law of
Motion, i.e. that
every action has an equal and opposite reaction. In the case
of physics, the
recoil of the Big Bang gave rise to balanced chemical
reactions, whereas in the
case of biology it fostered the self-referential,
self-organizational basis for
the cell. Thus, there is a mechanistically-based continuum
encompassing the
Singularity/Big Bang, physics and biology, the aggregate of
which is what we
think of as consciousness.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-top:2.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-outline-level:
3"><b><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman""
lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New
Roman"" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-top:2.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-outline-level:
3"><b><span style="font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black" lang="EN-US">References
Cited</span></b><b><span style="font-family:"Times New
Roman"" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype
namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="place">
<ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal"
style="color:black;margin-top:2.0pt;mso-outline-level:
3;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list
36.0pt;vertical-align:baseline"><font face="Times New Roman,
Times, serif">Smocovitis V. Unifying Biology. Princeton,
Princeton University Press, 1996.</font></li>
</ol>
<font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">
</font>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:3;vertical-align:
baseline"><b><span style="color: black;" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal"
style="color:black;margin-top:2.0pt;mso-outline-level:
3;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list
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</o:smarttagtype><span style="font-family:"Times New
Roman"" lang="EN-US"><span style="color:black"></span></span><br>
<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-US"><span
style="color:black"></span></span><o:smarttagtype
namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="place">
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
-------------------------------------------------
Pedro C. Marijuán
Grupo de Bioinformación / Bioinformation Group
Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud
Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Aragón (CIBA)
Avda. San Juan Bosco, 13, planta 0
50009 Zaragoza, Spain
Tfno. +34 976 71 3526 (& 6818)
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es">pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://sites.google.com/site/pedrocmarijuan/">http://sites.google.com/site/pedrocmarijuan/</a>
------------------------------------------------- </pre>
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