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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=JA link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>On 27 Oct 2017 at 3:09 AM, Loet Leydesdorff wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>the<i> cogitatum</i> which transcends us is intersubjectivity. It is not physical. The physical is<i> res extensa</i>, whereas this remains<i> res cogitans.</i></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'> Loet, let me hope this will not merely be a quibble about the terms. We may say that the physical is for <i>res extensa</i> in classical physics. However, we are not sure whether the same would apply to quantum physics supporting the infrastructure of our material world. Some philosophers sympathetic to quantum physics are in favor of contrasting <i>res potentia </i>a la Werner Heisenberg with <i>res extensa</i>. Once we are determined to face <i>res potentia</i>, that is for those individuals as the concrete vehicles carrying uncountable counter-factual conditionals. Thus, the inter-individual relationship mediated by emitting and absorbing the quantum particles, whether big or small, is in charge of revealing the factual conditionals through the measurement internal to the participating individuals. One advantage of focusing on internal measurement may be the likelihood for approaching persistence or duration as the quality directly retrievable from the underlying individual events. The additional ontological commitment required here is kept to a bare minimum such as allowing for <i>res potentia </i>for the individuals. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:25.0pt'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Koichiro Matsuno<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0mm 0mm 0mm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> Fis [mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Loet Leydesdorff<br><b>Sent:</b> Friday, October 27, 2017 3:09 AM<br><b>To:</b> Terrence W. DEACON <deacon@berkeley.edu>; Foundation of Information Science <fis@listas.unizar.es><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] The two very important operations of Infos<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>Dear Terry and colleagues, <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div id=x1f7a34362c89492><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0mm 0mm 0mm 8.0pt;margin-left:3.75pt;margin-top:2.25pt;margin-right:0mm;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>(...) , there cannot be interminable regress of this displacement to establish these norms. At some point normativity requires ontological grounding where the grounded normative relation is the preservation of the systemic physical properties that produce the norm-preserving dynamic. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></blockquote><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>I have problems with the words "ontological" and "physical" here, whereas I agree with the need of grounding the normative. Among human beings, this grounding of subjective normativity can be found in intersubjectivity. Whereas the subjective remains<i> cogitans</i> (in doubt), the intersubjective can be considered as<i> cogitatum</i> (the thing about which one remains in doubt). <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id=x1f7a34362c89492><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div id=x1f7a34362c89492><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>For Descartes this<i> cogitatum</i> is the Other of the<i> Cogito.</i> The<i> Cogito</i> knows itself to be incomplete, and to be distinguished from what transcends it, the Transcendental or, in Descartes' terminology, God. (This is the ontological proof of God's presence. Kant showed that this proof does not hold: God cannot be proven to exist.) Husserl (1929) steps in on this point in the<i> Cartesian Meditations</i>: the<i> cogitatum</i> which transcends us is intersubjectivity. It is not physical. The physical is<i> res extensa</i>, whereas this remains<i> res cogitans.</i> It cannot be retrieved, but one has reflexive access to it.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id=x1f7a34362c89492><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div id=x1f7a34362c89492><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>Interestingly, this philosophy provides Luhmann's point of departure. The intersubjective can be operationalized as (interhuman) communication. The codes in the communication can relatively be stabilized. One can use the metaphor of eigenvectors of a communication matrix. They remain our constructs, but they guide the communication. (Luhmann uses "eigenvalues", but that is a misunderstanding.) Using Parsons' idea of symbolic generalization of the codes of communication, one can continue this metaphor and consider other than the first eigenvector as "functional differentiations" which enable the communication to process more complexity. The model is derived from the <i>Trias Politica</i>: problems can be solved in one of the branches or the other. The normativity of the judiciary is different from the normativity of the legislative branch, but they both ground the normativity that guides us.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id=x1f7a34362c89492><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div id=x1f7a34362c89492><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>The sciences are then a way of communication; namely, scholarly communication about rationalized expectations. Scholarly communication is different from, for example, political communication. An agent ("consciousness" in Luhmann's terminology) recombines reflexively and has to integrate because of one's contingency. The transcendental grounding is in the communication; it remains uncertain. Fortunately, because this implies that it can be reconstructed (by us albeit not as individuals). <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id=x1f7a34362c89492><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div id=x1f7a34362c89492><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>A non-human does not know oneself to be contingent. Lots of things follow from this; for example, that the non-human does not have access to our intersubjectivity as systems of expectations.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id=x1f7a34362c89492><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div id=x1f7a34362c89492><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>Best, <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id=x1f7a34362c89492><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>Loet<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id=x1f7a34362c89492><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div id=x1f7a34362c89492><div id=x337b22579712426abf55c20f258d0a74><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><hr size=3 width="100%" align=center></span></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D'>Loet Leydesdorff <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D'>Professor emeritus, University of Amsterdam<br>Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" title="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>loet@leydesdorff.net </span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D'>; </span><span lang=EN-US><a href="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" title="http://www.leydesdorff.net/"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>http://www.leydesdorff.net/</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D'> <br></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt'>Associate Faculty, </span><span lang=EN-US><a href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/"><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>SPRU, </span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt'>University of Sussex; <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt'>Guest Professor </span><span lang=EN-US><a href="http://www.zju.edu.cn/english/"><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Zhejiang Univ.</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt'>, Hangzhou; Visiting Professor, </span><span lang=EN-US><a href="http://www.istic.ac.cn/Eng/brief_en.html"><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>ISTIC, </span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt'>Beijing;<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt'>Visiting Fellow, </span><span lang=EN-US><a href="http://www.bbk.ac.uk/"><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Birkbeck</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt'>, University of London; <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><a href="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id=x337b22579712426abf55c20f258d0a74><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#44546A;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><br><br></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><div id=x1f7a34362c89492><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div id=x1f7a34362c89492><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div id=x1f7a34362c89492><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div id=x1f7a34362c89492><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'><br><br><o:p></o:p></span></p><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0mm 0mm 0mm 8.0pt;margin-left:3.75pt;margin-top:2.25pt;margin-right:0mm;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></div></blockquote></div></div></body></html>