<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<p>Thanks Loet, for a very clear and concise exposition of an
approach that I agree with.</p>
<p>I'm curious about your use of the word 'dualistic'. Dualism
usually suggests that there are two aspects to a single
phenomenon. As I interpret your post, you are saying that
information and meaning are separate concepts. Otherwise, we are
led to inquire into the nature of the unity of which they are both
aspects, which gets us back where we started.</p>
<p>So I interpret 'dualistic' here to mean 'two concepts that are
intertwined in the emergence of events'. Is this parallel to, for
example, atomic structure and fluid dynamics (perhaps there are
better examples)? If so, does that imply a hierarchy (i.e. you can
have information without meaning, but not meaning without
information)? This makes sense to me, though it is not what I
usually associate with the word 'dualistic'.<br>
</p>
<p>Dai</p>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 04/10/17 08:16, Loet Leydesdorff
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:em67e32274-cec5-4698-a7d0-0fdabd4c62ef@pc2014"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?-->
<style id="signatureStyle"><![CDATA[#xa795a68c998543b #x337b22579712426abf55c20f258d0a74 p.MsoNormal,#xa795a68c998543b #x337b22579712426abf55c20f258d0a74 div.MsoNormal{
margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;
font-size:11pt;
font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;
}
#xa795a68c998543b #x337b22579712426abf55c20f258d0a74 a:link{
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;
}
#xa795a68c998543b #x337b22579712426abf55c20f258d0a74 a:visited{
color:#954F72;
text-decoration:underline;
}]]></style>
<style><![CDATA[@font-face{
font-family:'Cambria Math';
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368701E+08 1.107306E+09 0 0 415 0;
}
@font-face{
font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368599E+08 -1.073732E+09 9 0 511 0;
}
#xdd444639eff1471390092eb671a10b99 p.MsoNormal,#xdd444639eff1471390092eb671a10b99 li.MsoNormal,#xdd444639eff1471390092eb671a10b99 div.MsoNormal{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xdd444639eff1471390092eb671a10b99 p.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#xdd444639eff1471390092eb671a10b99 li.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#xdd444639eff1471390092eb671a10b99 div.MsoNormalCxSpFirst{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xdd444639eff1471390092eb671a10b99 p.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#xdd444639eff1471390092eb671a10b99 li.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#xdd444639eff1471390092eb671a10b99 div.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xdd444639eff1471390092eb671a10b99 p.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#xdd444639eff1471390092eb671a10b99 li.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#xdd444639eff1471390092eb671a10b99 div.MsoNormalCxSpLast{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xdd444639eff1471390092eb671a10b99 .MsoChpDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:12pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:12pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xdd444639eff1471390092eb671a10b99 .MsoPapDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-bottom:8pt;
line-height:107%;
}
@page :WordSection1{
size:8.5in 11in;
margin:1in 1in 1in 1in;
mso-header-margin:0.5in;
mso-footer-margin:0.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;
}
#xdd444639eff1471390092eb671a10b99 div.WordSection1{
page:WordSection1;
}@font-face{
font-family:'Cambria Math';
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368701E+08 1.107306E+09 0 0 415 0;
}
@font-face{
font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368599E+08 -1.073732E+09 9 0 511 0;
}
#x55c619d6a2ce4e7ea38b2ed86250f4be p.MsoNormal,#x55c619d6a2ce4e7ea38b2ed86250f4be li.MsoNormal,#x55c619d6a2ce4e7ea38b2ed86250f4be div.MsoNormal{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x55c619d6a2ce4e7ea38b2ed86250f4be p.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#x55c619d6a2ce4e7ea38b2ed86250f4be li.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#x55c619d6a2ce4e7ea38b2ed86250f4be div.MsoNormalCxSpFirst{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x55c619d6a2ce4e7ea38b2ed86250f4be p.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#x55c619d6a2ce4e7ea38b2ed86250f4be li.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#x55c619d6a2ce4e7ea38b2ed86250f4be div.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x55c619d6a2ce4e7ea38b2ed86250f4be p.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#x55c619d6a2ce4e7ea38b2ed86250f4be li.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#x55c619d6a2ce4e7ea38b2ed86250f4be div.MsoNormalCxSpLast{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x55c619d6a2ce4e7ea38b2ed86250f4be .MsoChpDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:12pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:12pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x55c619d6a2ce4e7ea38b2ed86250f4be .MsoPapDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-bottom:8pt;
line-height:107%;
}
@page :WordSection1{
size:8.5in 11in;
margin:1in 1in 1in 1in;
mso-header-margin:0.5in;
mso-footer-margin:0.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;
}
#x55c619d6a2ce4e7ea38b2ed86250f4be div.WordSection1{
page:WordSection1;
}@font-face{
font-family:'Cambria Math';
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368701E+08 1.107306E+09 0 0 415 0;
}
@font-face{
font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368599E+08 -1.073732E+09 9 0 511 0;
}
#xa40b671d73e943d5a10b0e5344632607 p.MsoNormal,#xa40b671d73e943d5a10b0e5344632607 li.MsoNormal,#xa40b671d73e943d5a10b0e5344632607 div.MsoNormal{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xa40b671d73e943d5a10b0e5344632607 p.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#xa40b671d73e943d5a10b0e5344632607 li.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#xa40b671d73e943d5a10b0e5344632607 div.MsoNormalCxSpFirst{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xa40b671d73e943d5a10b0e5344632607 p.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#xa40b671d73e943d5a10b0e5344632607 li.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#xa40b671d73e943d5a10b0e5344632607 div.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xa40b671d73e943d5a10b0e5344632607 p.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#xa40b671d73e943d5a10b0e5344632607 li.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#xa40b671d73e943d5a10b0e5344632607 div.MsoNormalCxSpLast{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xa40b671d73e943d5a10b0e5344632607 .MsoChpDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:12pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:12pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xa40b671d73e943d5a10b0e5344632607 .MsoPapDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-bottom:8pt;
line-height:107%;
}
@page :WordSection1{
size:8.5in 11in;
margin:1in 1in 1in 1in;
mso-header-margin:0.5in;
mso-footer-margin:0.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;
}
#xa40b671d73e943d5a10b0e5344632607 div.WordSection1{
page:WordSection1;
}@font-face{
font-family:'Cambria Math';
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368701E+08 1.107306E+09 0 0 415 0;
}
@font-face{
font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368599E+08 -1.073732E+09 9 0 511 0;
}
#xe1f26a5cdd6449489e23408630cd0a61 p.MsoNormal,#xe1f26a5cdd6449489e23408630cd0a61 li.MsoNormal,#xe1f26a5cdd6449489e23408630cd0a61 div.MsoNormal{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xe1f26a5cdd6449489e23408630cd0a61 p.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#xe1f26a5cdd6449489e23408630cd0a61 li.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#xe1f26a5cdd6449489e23408630cd0a61 div.MsoNormalCxSpFirst{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xe1f26a5cdd6449489e23408630cd0a61 p.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#xe1f26a5cdd6449489e23408630cd0a61 li.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#xe1f26a5cdd6449489e23408630cd0a61 div.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xe1f26a5cdd6449489e23408630cd0a61 p.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#xe1f26a5cdd6449489e23408630cd0a61 li.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#xe1f26a5cdd6449489e23408630cd0a61 div.MsoNormalCxSpLast{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xe1f26a5cdd6449489e23408630cd0a61 .MsoChpDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:12pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:12pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xe1f26a5cdd6449489e23408630cd0a61 .MsoPapDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-bottom:8pt;
line-height:107%;
}
@page :WordSection1{
size:8.5in 11in;
margin:1in 1in 1in 1in;
mso-header-margin:0.5in;
mso-footer-margin:0.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;
}
#xe1f26a5cdd6449489e23408630cd0a61 div.WordSection1{
page:WordSection1;
}@font-face{
font-family:'Cambria Math';
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368701E+08 1.107306E+09 0 0 415 0;
}
@font-face{
font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368599E+08 -1.073732E+09 9 0 511 0;
}
#x7359d8ad6b99425cacde7036d1766a24 p.MsoNormal,#x7359d8ad6b99425cacde7036d1766a24 li.MsoNormal,#x7359d8ad6b99425cacde7036d1766a24 div.MsoNormal{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x7359d8ad6b99425cacde7036d1766a24 p.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#x7359d8ad6b99425cacde7036d1766a24 li.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#x7359d8ad6b99425cacde7036d1766a24 div.MsoNormalCxSpFirst{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x7359d8ad6b99425cacde7036d1766a24 p.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#x7359d8ad6b99425cacde7036d1766a24 li.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#x7359d8ad6b99425cacde7036d1766a24 div.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x7359d8ad6b99425cacde7036d1766a24 p.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#x7359d8ad6b99425cacde7036d1766a24 li.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#x7359d8ad6b99425cacde7036d1766a24 div.MsoNormalCxSpLast{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x7359d8ad6b99425cacde7036d1766a24 .MsoChpDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:12pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:12pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x7359d8ad6b99425cacde7036d1766a24 .MsoPapDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-bottom:8pt;
line-height:107%;
}
@page :WordSection1{
size:8.5in 11in;
margin:1in 1in 1in 1in;
mso-header-margin:0.5in;
mso-footer-margin:0.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;
}
#x7359d8ad6b99425cacde7036d1766a24 div.WordSection1{
page:WordSection1;
}@font-face{
font-family:'Cambria Math';
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368701E+08 1.107306E+09 0 0 415 0;
}
@font-face{
font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368599E+08 -1.073732E+09 9 0 511 0;
}
#xab5840a71ed1414f80ac5af87ca54f0c p.MsoNormal,#xab5840a71ed1414f80ac5af87ca54f0c li.MsoNormal,#xab5840a71ed1414f80ac5af87ca54f0c div.MsoNormal{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xab5840a71ed1414f80ac5af87ca54f0c p.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#xab5840a71ed1414f80ac5af87ca54f0c li.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#xab5840a71ed1414f80ac5af87ca54f0c div.MsoNormalCxSpFirst{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xab5840a71ed1414f80ac5af87ca54f0c p.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#xab5840a71ed1414f80ac5af87ca54f0c li.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#xab5840a71ed1414f80ac5af87ca54f0c div.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xab5840a71ed1414f80ac5af87ca54f0c p.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#xab5840a71ed1414f80ac5af87ca54f0c li.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#xab5840a71ed1414f80ac5af87ca54f0c div.MsoNormalCxSpLast{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xab5840a71ed1414f80ac5af87ca54f0c .MsoChpDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:12pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:12pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xab5840a71ed1414f80ac5af87ca54f0c .MsoPapDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-bottom:8pt;
line-height:107%;
}
@page :WordSection1{
size:8.5in 11in;
margin:1in 1in 1in 1in;
mso-header-margin:0.5in;
mso-footer-margin:0.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;
}
#xab5840a71ed1414f80ac5af87ca54f0c div.WordSection1{
page:WordSection1;
}@font-face{
font-family:'Cambria Math';
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368701E+08 1.107306E+09 0 0 415 0;
}
@font-face{
font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368599E+08 -1.073732E+09 9 0 511 0;
}
#x70cc0e79e6db478f8eb4530b04cff5e7 p.MsoNormal,#x70cc0e79e6db478f8eb4530b04cff5e7 li.MsoNormal,#x70cc0e79e6db478f8eb4530b04cff5e7 div.MsoNormal{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x70cc0e79e6db478f8eb4530b04cff5e7 p.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#x70cc0e79e6db478f8eb4530b04cff5e7 li.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#x70cc0e79e6db478f8eb4530b04cff5e7 div.MsoNormalCxSpFirst{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x70cc0e79e6db478f8eb4530b04cff5e7 p.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#x70cc0e79e6db478f8eb4530b04cff5e7 li.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#x70cc0e79e6db478f8eb4530b04cff5e7 div.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x70cc0e79e6db478f8eb4530b04cff5e7 p.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#x70cc0e79e6db478f8eb4530b04cff5e7 li.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#x70cc0e79e6db478f8eb4530b04cff5e7 div.MsoNormalCxSpLast{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x70cc0e79e6db478f8eb4530b04cff5e7 .MsoChpDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:12pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:12pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x70cc0e79e6db478f8eb4530b04cff5e7 .MsoPapDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-bottom:8pt;
line-height:107%;
}
@page :WordSection1{
size:8.5in 11in;
margin:1in 1in 1in 1in;
mso-header-margin:0.5in;
mso-footer-margin:0.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;
}
#x70cc0e79e6db478f8eb4530b04cff5e7 div.WordSection1{
page:WordSection1;
}@font-face{
font-family:'Cambria Math';
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368701E+08 1.107306E+09 0 0 415 0;
}
@font-face{
font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368599E+08 -1.073732E+09 9 0 511 0;
}
#x07ac80f52f5746f7a1bbce5504d2f8c8 p.MsoNormal,#x07ac80f52f5746f7a1bbce5504d2f8c8 li.MsoNormal,#x07ac80f52f5746f7a1bbce5504d2f8c8 div.MsoNormal{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x07ac80f52f5746f7a1bbce5504d2f8c8 p.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#x07ac80f52f5746f7a1bbce5504d2f8c8 li.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#x07ac80f52f5746f7a1bbce5504d2f8c8 div.MsoNormalCxSpFirst{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x07ac80f52f5746f7a1bbce5504d2f8c8 p.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#x07ac80f52f5746f7a1bbce5504d2f8c8 li.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#x07ac80f52f5746f7a1bbce5504d2f8c8 div.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x07ac80f52f5746f7a1bbce5504d2f8c8 p.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#x07ac80f52f5746f7a1bbce5504d2f8c8 li.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#x07ac80f52f5746f7a1bbce5504d2f8c8 div.MsoNormalCxSpLast{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x07ac80f52f5746f7a1bbce5504d2f8c8 .MsoChpDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:12pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:12pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x07ac80f52f5746f7a1bbce5504d2f8c8 .MsoPapDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-bottom:8pt;
line-height:107%;
}
@page :WordSection1{
size:8.5in 11in;
margin:1in 1in 1in 1in;
mso-header-margin:0.5in;
mso-footer-margin:0.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;
}
#x07ac80f52f5746f7a1bbce5504d2f8c8 div.WordSection1{
page:WordSection1;
}@font-face{
font-family:'Cambria Math';
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368701E+08 1.107306E+09 0 0 415 0;
}
@font-face{
font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368599E+08 -1.073732E+09 9 0 511 0;
}
#x15e0e0a182fd4d928903b2a065ba6dd9 p.MsoNormal,#x15e0e0a182fd4d928903b2a065ba6dd9 li.MsoNormal,#x15e0e0a182fd4d928903b2a065ba6dd9 div.MsoNormal{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x15e0e0a182fd4d928903b2a065ba6dd9 p.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#x15e0e0a182fd4d928903b2a065ba6dd9 li.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#x15e0e0a182fd4d928903b2a065ba6dd9 div.MsoNormalCxSpFirst{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x15e0e0a182fd4d928903b2a065ba6dd9 p.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#x15e0e0a182fd4d928903b2a065ba6dd9 li.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#x15e0e0a182fd4d928903b2a065ba6dd9 div.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x15e0e0a182fd4d928903b2a065ba6dd9 p.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#x15e0e0a182fd4d928903b2a065ba6dd9 li.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#x15e0e0a182fd4d928903b2a065ba6dd9 div.MsoNormalCxSpLast{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x15e0e0a182fd4d928903b2a065ba6dd9 .MsoChpDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:12pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:12pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x15e0e0a182fd4d928903b2a065ba6dd9 .MsoPapDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-bottom:8pt;
line-height:107%;
}
@page :WordSection1{
size:8.5in 11in;
margin:1in 1in 1in 1in;
mso-header-margin:0.5in;
mso-footer-margin:0.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;
}
#x15e0e0a182fd4d928903b2a065ba6dd9 div.WordSection1{
page:WordSection1;
}@font-face{
font-family:'Cambria Math';
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368701E+08 1.107306E+09 0 0 415 0;
}
@font-face{
font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368599E+08 -1.073732E+09 9 0 511 0;
}
#xcf19e620d5854c6cbbd9f983086da4a9 p.MsoNormal,#xcf19e620d5854c6cbbd9f983086da4a9 li.MsoNormal,#xcf19e620d5854c6cbbd9f983086da4a9 div.MsoNormal{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xcf19e620d5854c6cbbd9f983086da4a9 p.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#xcf19e620d5854c6cbbd9f983086da4a9 li.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#xcf19e620d5854c6cbbd9f983086da4a9 div.MsoNormalCxSpFirst{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xcf19e620d5854c6cbbd9f983086da4a9 p.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#xcf19e620d5854c6cbbd9f983086da4a9 li.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#xcf19e620d5854c6cbbd9f983086da4a9 div.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xcf19e620d5854c6cbbd9f983086da4a9 p.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#xcf19e620d5854c6cbbd9f983086da4a9 li.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#xcf19e620d5854c6cbbd9f983086da4a9 div.MsoNormalCxSpLast{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xcf19e620d5854c6cbbd9f983086da4a9 .MsoChpDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:12pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:12pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#xcf19e620d5854c6cbbd9f983086da4a9 .MsoPapDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-bottom:8pt;
line-height:107%;
}
@page :WordSection1{
size:8.5in 11in;
margin:1in 1in 1in 1in;
mso-header-margin:0.5in;
mso-footer-margin:0.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;
}
#xcf19e620d5854c6cbbd9f983086da4a9 div.WordSection1{
page:WordSection1;
}@font-face{
font-family:'Cambria Math';
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368701E+08 1.107306E+09 0 0 415 0;
}
@font-face{
font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368599E+08 -1.073732E+09 9 0 511 0;
}
#x9b5d1a2050314325a3850db125c097f2 p.MsoNormal,#x9b5d1a2050314325a3850db125c097f2 li.MsoNormal,#x9b5d1a2050314325a3850db125c097f2 div.MsoNormal{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x9b5d1a2050314325a3850db125c097f2 p.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#x9b5d1a2050314325a3850db125c097f2 li.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#x9b5d1a2050314325a3850db125c097f2 div.MsoNormalCxSpFirst{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x9b5d1a2050314325a3850db125c097f2 p.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#x9b5d1a2050314325a3850db125c097f2 li.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#x9b5d1a2050314325a3850db125c097f2 div.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x9b5d1a2050314325a3850db125c097f2 p.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#x9b5d1a2050314325a3850db125c097f2 li.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#x9b5d1a2050314325a3850db125c097f2 div.MsoNormalCxSpLast{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x9b5d1a2050314325a3850db125c097f2 .MsoChpDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:12pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:12pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x9b5d1a2050314325a3850db125c097f2 .MsoPapDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-bottom:8pt;
line-height:107%;
}
@page :WordSection1{
size:8.5in 11in;
margin:1in 1in 1in 1in;
mso-header-margin:0.5in;
mso-footer-margin:0.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;
}
#x9b5d1a2050314325a3850db125c097f2 div.WordSection1{
page:WordSection1;
}@font-face{
font-family:'Cambria Math';
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368701E+08 1.107306E+09 0 0 415 0;
}
@font-face{
font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-5.368599E+08 -1.073732E+09 9 0 511 0;
}
#x73b10da3534748f4984a6735cf424499 p.MsoNormal,#x73b10da3534748f4984a6735cf424499 li.MsoNormal,#x73b10da3534748f4984a6735cf424499 div.MsoNormal{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x73b10da3534748f4984a6735cf424499 p.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#x73b10da3534748f4984a6735cf424499 li.MsoNormalCxSpFirst,#x73b10da3534748f4984a6735cf424499 div.MsoNormalCxSpFirst{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x73b10da3534748f4984a6735cf424499 p.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#x73b10da3534748f4984a6735cf424499 li.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle,#x73b10da3534748f4984a6735cf424499 div.MsoNormalCxSpMiddle{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x73b10da3534748f4984a6735cf424499 p.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#x73b10da3534748f4984a6735cf424499 li.MsoNormalCxSpLast,#x73b10da3534748f4984a6735cf424499 div.MsoNormalCxSpLast{
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:'';
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:0.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12pt;
font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x73b10da3534748f4984a6735cf424499 .MsoChpDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:12pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:12pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
}
#x73b10da3534748f4984a6735cf424499 .MsoPapDefault{
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-bottom:8pt;
line-height:107%;
}
@page :WordSection1{
size:8.5in 11in;
margin:1in 1in 1in 1in;
mso-header-margin:0.5in;
mso-footer-margin:0.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;
}
#x73b10da3534748f4984a6735cf424499 div.WordSection1{
page:WordSection1;
}#x3744e2a67228435d8aad82592c69c876{
font-family:Tahoma;
font-size:11pt;
}]]></style>
<style id="css_styles" type="text/css"><!--blockquote.cite { margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right:0px; border-left: 1px solid #cccccc }
blockquote.cite2 {margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right:0px; border-left: 1px solid #cccccc; margin-top: 3px; padding-top: 0px; }
a img { border: 0px; }
ol, ul { list-style-position: inside }
body { font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt; }--></style>
<div id="xa1cf249fe1ca412">
<blockquote cite="1507064442.961616815@f14.my.com" type="cite"
class="cite2">
<p dir="ltr">Nobody of us is able to provide an operative
framework and a single (just one!) empirical testable
prevision able to assess "information". <br>
</p>
</blockquote>
<div id="xa1cf249fe1ca412" style="direction: ltr;">Dear
colleague, </div>
<div id="xa1cf249fe1ca412" style="direction: ltr;"><br>
</div>
<div id="xa1cf249fe1ca412" style="direction: ltr;">One should
not confuse the confusion on the list with the clarity of the
concept information in information theory. This definition is
operational (e.g., in bits). Your computer would not work
without this definition (1 byte = 8 bits). The problem is that
this definition of information as uncertainty is
counter-intuitive. </div>
<div id="xa1cf249fe1ca412" style="direction: ltr;"><br>
</div>
<div id="xa1cf249fe1ca412" style="direction: ltr;">The search
for an intuitive definition of information has led to unclear
definitions. In a recent book, Hidalgo (2015, at p. 165), for
example, has defined “information” with reference “to the
order embodied in codified sequences, such as those found in
music or DNA, while <i>knowledge and knowhow </i>refer to
the ability of a system to process information.” However,
codified knowledge can be abstract and—like music—does not
have to be “embodied” (e.g., Cowan, David, & Foray,
2000). </div>
<div id="xa1cf249fe1ca412" style="direction: ltr;"><br>
</div>
<div id="xa1cf249fe1ca412" style="direction: ltr;">Beyond
Hidalgo’s position, Floridi (2010, p. 21) proposed “a general
definition of information” according to which “the well-formed
data are <i>meaningful</i>” (italics of the author). Luhmann
(1995, p. 67) posits that “all information has meaning.” In
his opinion, information should therefore be considered as a
selection mechanism. Kauffman et al. (2008, at p. 28) added to
the confusion by defining information as “natural selection.” </div>
<div id="xa1cf249fe1ca412" style="direction: ltr;"><br>
</div>
<div id="xa1cf249fe1ca412" style="direction: ltr;">Against these
attempt to bring information and meaning under a single
denominator--and to identify variation with selection--I argue
for a dualistic perspective (as did Prof. Zhong in a previous
email). Information and meaning should not be confounded.
Meaning is generated from redundancies (Bateson, 1972, p. 420;
Weaver, 1949; see Leydesdorff <i style="font-size: 11pt;">et
al.</i>, 2017).</div>
<div id="xa1cf249fe1ca412" style="direction: ltr;"><br>
</div>
<div id="xa1cf249fe1ca412" style="direction: ltr;">Best,</div>
<div id="xa1cf249fe1ca412" style="direction: ltr;">Loet</div>
<div id="xa1cf249fe1ca412" style="direction: ltr;"><br>
</div>
<div id="xa1cf249fe1ca412" style="direction: ltr;"><b>References:</b></div>
<div id="xa1cf249fe1ca412" style="direction: ltr;">
<div id="xcf19e620d5854c6cbbd9f983086da4a9">
<div id="x15e0e0a182fd4d928903b2a065ba6dd9">
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst"
style="margin-left:.5in;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-.5in;line-height:normal"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><font size="2"><o:p
xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></font></p>
</div>
<div id="xab5840a71ed1414f80ac5af87ca54f0c">
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst"
style="margin-left:.5in;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-.5in;line-height:normal;tab-stops:center
3.0in" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><font
size="2"><o:p
xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></font></p>
</div>
<div id="xdd444639eff1471390092eb671a10b99">
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst"
style="margin-left:.5in;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-.5in;line-height:normal"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><o:p
xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst"
style="margin-left:.5in;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-.5in;line-height:normal;tab-stops:center
3.0in" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><font
size="2" face="Tahoma">Bateson, G. (1972). <i
style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Steps
to an Ecology of Mind</i>. New York: Ballantine.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst"
style="margin-left:.5in;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-.5in;line-height:normal;tab-stops:center
3.0in" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><font
size="2" face="Tahoma">Cowan, R.,
David, P., & Foray, D. (2000). The Explicit
Economics of Knowledge
Codification and Tacitness. <i style="text-indent:
-0.5in;">Industrial
and Corporate Change, 9</i>(2), 211-253.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst"
style="margin-left:.5in;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-.5in;line-height:normal;tab-stops:center
3.0in" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><font
size="2" face="Tahoma"><span>Floridi, L. (2010). </span><i
style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Information: A very short
introduction</i><span>.
Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst"
style="margin-left:.5in;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-.5in;line-height:normal;tab-stops:center
3.0in" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><font
size="2" face="Tahoma">Hidalgo, C.
(2015). <i>Why Information Grows: The
Evolution of Order, from Atoms to Economies</i>. New
York: Basic Books.<o:p
xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></font></p>
<div id="x07ac80f52f5746f7a1bbce5504d2f8c8">
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst"
style="margin-left:.5in;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-.5in;line-height:normal"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><font size="2"
face="Tahoma">Kauffman, S., Logan, R. K., Este, R.,
Goebel, R., Hobill, D.,
& Shmulevich, I. (2008). Propagating organization:
an enquiry. <i>Biology and Philosophy, 23</i>(1),
27-45. <o:p
xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></font></p>
<div id="x70cc0e79e6db478f8eb4530b04cff5e7">
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst"
style="margin-left:.5in;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-.5in;line-height:normal"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><font size="2"
face="Tahoma"><span style="background-color:
rgb(255, 255, 255);">Leydesdorff, L., Johnson, M.,
& Ivanova, I. (2017). Toward a Calculus of
Redundancy: Signification, Codification, and
Anticipation in Cultural Evolution. </span> <span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a
href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3030525"
style="" moz-do-not-send="true">https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3030525</a></span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst"
style="margin-left:.5in;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-.5in;line-height:normal"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><font size="2"
face="Tahoma">Luhmann, N. ([1984] 1995). <i>Social
Systems</i>. Stanford,
CA: Stanford University Press.<o:p
xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></font></p>
<div id="x55c619d6a2ce4e7ea38b2ed86250f4be">
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst"
style="margin-left:.5in;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-.5in;line-height:normal;tab-stops:center 3.0in"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><font
size="2" face="Tahoma">Weaver, W.
(1949). Some Recent Contributions to the
Mathematical Theory of Communication.
In C. E. Shannon & W. Weaver (Eds.), <i>The
Mathematical Theory of Communication</i> (pp.
93-117.). <span lang="NL">Urbana: University of
Illinois Press.<o:p
xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst"
style="margin-left:.5in;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-.5in;line-height:normal"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><br>
</p>
<div id="signature_old">
<div id="xa795a68c998543b">
<div id="x337b22579712426abf55c20f258d0a74">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"
align="center"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:#1F497D">
<hr size="3" align="center" width="100%">
</span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D">Loet
Leydesdorff <o:p
xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D">Professor,
University of Amsterdam<br>
Amsterdam School of Communication Research
(ASCoR)<o:p
xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span
style="color:#44546A"><a
href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net"
title="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net"
moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt">loet@leydesdorff.net
</span></a></span><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D">; </span><span
style="color:#44546A"><a
href="http://www.leydesdorff.net/"
title="http://www.leydesdorff.net/"
moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt">http://www.leydesdorff.net/</span></a></span><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D"> <br>
</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Associate
Faculty, </span><span style="color:#44546A"><a
href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/"
moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt">SPRU, </span></a></span><span
style="font-size: 9pt;">University of Sussex;
<o:p
xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span
style="font-size: 9pt;">Guest Professor </span><span
style="color:#44546A"><a
href="http://www.zju.edu.cn/english/"
moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt">Zhejiang Univ.</span></a></span><span
style="font-size: 9pt;">, Hangzhou; Visiting
Professor, </span><span style="color:#44546A"><a
href="http://www.istic.ac.cn/Eng/brief_en.html" moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt">ISTIC, </span></a></span><span
style="font-size: 9pt;">Beijing;<o:p
xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span
style="font-size: 9pt;">Visiting Fellow, </span><span
style="color:#44546A"><a
href="http://www.bbk.ac.uk/"
moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="font-size:
9.0pt">Birkbeck</span></a></span><span
style="font-size: 9pt;">,
University of London; <o:p
xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></span></p>
<span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;color:#44546A;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt"><a
href="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en"
moz-do-not-send="true">http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en</a></span></span></div>
<div id="x337b22579712426abf55c20f258d0a74"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;color:#44546A;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><br>
</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst"
style="margin-left:.5in;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-.5in;line-height:normal"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><br>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<blockquote cite="1507064442.961616815@f14.my.com" type="cite"
class="cite2">
<div id="mail-app-auto-default-signature">
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<br>
<fieldset class="mimeAttachmentHeader"></fieldset>
<br>
<pre wrap="">_______________________________________________
Fis mailing list
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
-----------------------------------------
Professor David (Dai) Griffiths
Professor of Education
School of Education and Psychology
The University of Bolton
Deane Road
Bolton, BL3 5AB
Office: T3 02
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.bolton.ac.uk/IEC">http://www.bolton.ac.uk/IEC</a>
SKYPE: daigriffiths
UK Mobile +44 (0)7491151559
Spanish Mobile: + 34 687955912
Work: + 44 (0)7826917705
(Please don't leave voicemail)
email:
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:d.e.griffiths@bolton.ac.uk">d.e.griffiths@bolton.ac.uk</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com">dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com</a></pre>
</body>
</html>