<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><head><meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 14 (filtered medium)"><!--[if !mso]><style>v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style><![endif]--><style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Wingdings;
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Wingdings;
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Tahoma;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Consolas;
panose-1:2 11 6 9 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
h1
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 1 Char";
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:24.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
font-weight:bold;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;}
p
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
pre
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"HTML Preformatted Char";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";}
p.MsoAcetate, li.MsoAcetate, div.MsoAcetate
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Balloon Text Char";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";}
p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph
{mso-style-priority:34;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
span.Heading1Char
{mso-style-name:"Heading 1 Char";
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 1";
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
font-weight:bold;}
span.HTMLPreformattedChar
{mso-style-name:"HTML Preformatted Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"HTML Preformatted";
font-family:Consolas;}
span.BalloonTextChar
{mso-style-name:"Balloon Text Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Balloon Text";
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";}
p.m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-p1, li.m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-p1, div.m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-p1
{mso-style-name:m_7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-p1;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
p.m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-p2, li.m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-p2, div.m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-p2
{mso-style-name:m_7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-p2;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
p.m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext, li.m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext, div.m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext
{mso-style-name:m_7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
p.m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext, li.m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext, div.m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext
{mso-style-name:m_7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
span.m7655896158534087908hoenzb
{mso-style-name:m_7655896158534087908hoenzb;}
span.m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-s1
{mso-style-name:m_7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-s1;}
span.EmailStyle30
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#44546A;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-size:10.0pt;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
--></style><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026" />
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1" />
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.02455">Toward a Calculus of Redundancy: <br>The feedback arrow of expectations in knowledge-based systems</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>Loet Leydesdorff, Mark W. Johnson, Inga Ivanova <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>(Submitted on 10 Jan 2017; <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.02455">https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.02455</a> )<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>Whereas the generation of Shannon-type information is coupled to the second law of thermodynamics, redundancy--that is, the complement of information to the maximum entropy--can be increased by further distinctions: new options can discursively be generated. The dynamics of discursive knowledge production thus infuse the historical dynamics with a cultural evolution based on expectations (as different from observations). We distinguish among (i) the communication of information, (ii) the sharing of meaning, and (iii) discursive knowledge. Meaning is provided from the perspective of hindsight as feedback on the entropy flow and thus generates redundancy. Specific meanings can selectively be codified as discursive knowledge; knowledge-based reconstructions enable us to specify expectations about future states which can be invoked in the present. The cycling among the dynamics of information, meaning, and knowledge in feedback and feedforward loops can be evaluated empirically: When mutual redundancy prevails over mutual information, the sign of the resulting information is negative indicating reduction of uncertainty because of new options available for realization; innovation can then be expected to flourish. When historical realizations prevail, innovation may be locked-in because of insufficient options for further development. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>* Comments are very welcome in this stage<o:p></o:p></span></p><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><hr size=3 width="100%" align=center></span></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Loet Leydesdorff <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Professor, University of Amsterdam<br>Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" title="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>loet@leydesdorff.net </span></a></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>; </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><a href="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" title="http://www.leydesdorff.net/"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>http://www.leydesdorff.net/</span></a></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'> <br></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>Associate Faculty, </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><a href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/"><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>SPRU, </span></a></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>University of Sussex; <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>Guest Professor </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><a href="http://www.zju.edu.cn/english/"><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Zhejiang Univ.</span></a></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>, Hangzhou; Visiting Professor, </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><a href="http://www.istic.ac.cn/Eng/brief_en.html"><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>ISTIC, </span></a></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>Beijing;<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>Visiting Professor, </span><a name="_GoBack"></a><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><a href="http://www.bbk.ac.uk/"><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Birkbeck</span></a></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>, University of London; <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><a href="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en"><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> Terrence W. DEACON [mailto:deacon@berkeley.edu] <br><b>Sent:</b> Saturday, January 07, 2017 8:15 PM<br><b>To:</b> John Collier<br><b>Cc:</b> loet@leydesdorff.net; Dai Griffiths; Foundations of Information Science Information Science<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] What is information? and What is life?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Leot remarks:<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>"... <span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>we need a kind of calculus of redundancy."</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>I agree whole-heartedly. </span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>What for Shannon was the key to error-correction is thus implicitly normative. But of course assessment of normativity (accurate/inacurate, useful/unuseful, significant/insignificant) must necessarily involve an "outside" perspective, i.e. more than merely the statistics of sign medium chartacteristics. Redundancy is also implicit in concepts like communication, shared understanding, iconism, and Fano's "mutual information." But notice too that redundancy is precisely non-information in a strictly statistical understanding of that concept; a redundant message is not itself "news" — and yet it can reduce the uncertainty of what is "message" and what is "noise." It is my intuition that by developing a formalization (e.g. a "calculus") using the complemetary notions of redundancy and constraint that we will ultimately be able formulate a route from Shannon to the higher-order conceptions of information, in which referential and normative features can be precisely formulated. </span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>There is an open door, though it still seems pretty dark on the other side. So one must risk stumbling in order to explore that space.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>Happy 2017, Terry</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>On Sat, Jan 7, 2017 at 9:02 AM, John Collier <<a href="mailto:Collierj@ukzn.ac.za" target="_blank">Collierj@ukzn.ac.za</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Dear List,</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I agree with Terry that we should not be bound by our own partial theories. We need an integrated view of information that shows its relations in all of its various forms. There is a family resemblance in the ways it is used, and some sort of taxonomy can be constructed. I recommend that of Luciano Floridi. His approach is not unified (unlike my own, reported on this list), but compatible with it, and is a place to start, though it needs expansion and perhaps modification. There may be some unifying concept of information, but its application to all the various ways it has been used will not be obvious, and a sufficiently general formulation my well seem trivial, especially to those interested in the vital communicative and meaningful aspects of information. I also agree with Loet that pessimism, however justified, is not the real problem. To some extent it is a matter of maturity, which takes both time and development, not to mention giving up cherished juvenile enthusiasms.</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I might add that constructivism, with its positivist underpinnings, tends to lead to nominalism and relativism about whatever is out there. I believe that this is a major hindrance to a unified understanding. I understand that it appeared in reaction to an overzealous and simplistic realism about science and other areas, but I think it through the baby out with the bathwater.</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I have been really ill, so my lack of communication. I am pleased to see this discussion, which is necessary for the field to develop maturity. I thought I should add my bit, and with everyone a Happy New Year, with all its possibilities.</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Warmest regards to everyone,</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>John</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><a name="m_7655896158534087908__MailEndCompose"><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'> </span></a><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> Fis [mailto:<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Loet Leydesdorff<br><b>Sent:</b> December 31, 2016 12:16 AM<br><b>To:</b> 'Terrence W. DEACON' <<a href="mailto:deacon@berkeley.edu" target="_blank">deacon@berkeley.edu</a>>; 'Dai Griffiths' <<a href="mailto:dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com" target="_blank">dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com</a>>; 'Foundations of Information Science Information Science' <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>></span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-CA><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] What is information? and What is life?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-CA> <o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'>We agree that such a theory is a ways off, though you some are far more pessimisitic about its possibility than me. I believe that we would do best to focus on the hole that needs filling in rather than assuming that it is an unfillable given.<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:#44546A'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>Dear Terrence and colleagues, </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>It is not a matter of pessimism. We have the example of “General Systems Theory” of the 1930s (von Bertalanffy and others). Only gradually, one realized the biological metaphor driving it. In my opinion, we have become reflexively skeptical about claims of “generality” because we know the statements are framed within paradigms. Translations are needed in this fractional manifold.</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>I agree that we are moving in a fruitful direction. Your book “Incomplete Nature” and “The Symbolic Species” have been important. The failing options cannot be observed, but have to be constructed culturally, that is, in discourse. It seems to me that we need a kind of calculus of redundancy. Perspectives which are reflexively aware of this need and do not assume an unproblematic “given” or “natural” are perhaps to be privileged nonetheless. The unobservbable options have first to be specified and we need theory (hypotheses) for this. Perhaps, this epistemological privilege can be used as a vantage point. </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>There is an interesting relation to Husserl’s <i>Critique of the European Sciences</i> (1935): The failing (or forgotten) dimension is grounded in “intersubjective intentionality.” Nowadays, we would call this “discourse”. How are discourses structured and how can they be translated for the purpose of offering this “foundation”?</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>Happy New Year,</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>Loet</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'>My modest suggestion is only that in the absence of a unifying theory we should not privilege one partial theory over others and that in the absence of a global general theory we need to find terminology that clearly identifies the level at which the concept is being used. Lacking this, we end up debating incompatible definitions, and defending our favored one that either excludes or includes issues of reference and significance or else assumes or denies the relevance of human interpreters. With different participants interested in different levels and applications of the information concept—from physics, to computation, to neuroscience, to biosemiotics, to language, to art, etc.—failure to mark this diversity will inevitably lead us in circles. <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'>I urge humility with precision and an eye toward synthesis.<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'>Happy new year to all.\<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'>— Terry<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'>On Thu, Dec 29, 2016 at 12:30 PM, Dai Griffiths <<a href="mailto:dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com" target="_blank">dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p style='margin-left:1.0in'>Thanks Stan,<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='margin-left:1.0in'>Yes, it's a powerful and useful process. <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'>My problem is that in this list, and in other places were such matters are discussed, we don't seem to be able to agree on the big picture, and the higher up the generalisations we go, the less we agree. <br><br>I'd like to keep open the possibility that we might be yoking ideas together which it may be more useful to keep apart. We are dealing with messy concepts in messy configurations, which may not always map neatly onto a generalisation model. <br><span style='color:#888888'><br><span class=m7655896158534087908hoenzb>Dai</span></span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:1.0in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'>On 22/12/16 16:45, Stanley N Salthe wrote:<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-p1 style='margin-left:1.0in'><span class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-s1>Dai --</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-p1 style='margin-left:1.0in'><span class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-s1>{phenomenon 1}</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-p2 style='margin-left:1.0in'>{phenomenon 2} --> {Phenomena 1 & 2} ---> {phenomena 1.2,3}<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-p2 style='margin-left:1.0in'>{phenomenon 3}<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-p2 style='margin-left:1.0in'>The process from left to right is generalization.<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-p2 style='margin-left:1.0in'>‘Information’ IS a generalization.<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-p2 style='margin-left:1.0in'>generalities form the substance of philosophy. Info happens to a case<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-p2 style='margin-left:1.0in'> of generalization which can be mathematized, which in turn allows<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-p2 style='margin-left:1.0in'> it to be generalized even more.<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-p2 style='margin-left:1.0in'>So, what’s the problem?<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778gmail-p2 style='margin-left:1.0in'>STAN<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'>On Wed, Dec 21, 2016 at 7:44 AM, Dai Griffiths <<a href="mailto:dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com" target="_blank">dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p style='margin-left:1.0in'>> Information is not “something out there” which “exists” otherwise than as our construct.<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='margin-left:1.0in'>I agree with this. And I wonder to what extent our problems in discussing information come from our desire to shoe-horn many different phenomena into the same construct. It would be possible to disaggregate the construct. It be possible to discuss the topics which we address on this list without using the word 'information'. We could discuss redundancy, variety, constraint, meaning, structural coupling, coordination, expectation, language, etc.<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='margin-left:1.0in'>In what ways would our explanations be weakened?<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='margin-left:1.0in'>In what ways might we gain in clarity? <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='margin-left:1.0in'>If we were to go down this road, we would face the danger that our discussions might become (even more) remote from everyday human experience. But many scientific discussions are remote from everyday human experience.<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='margin-left:1.0in'>Dai<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'>On 20/12/16 08:26, Loet Leydesdorff wrote:<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>Dear colleagues, </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>A distribution contains uncertainty that can be measured in terms of bits of information.</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>Alternatively: the expected information content <i>H </i>of a probability distribution </span><img border=0 width=46 height=27 id="m_7655896158534087908m_7584457439853745778m_3098479109588466821_x005f_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image001.png@01D26BD8.60ACC8D0" alt="cid:image001.png@01D26BD8.60ACC8D0"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>is </span><img border=0 width=153 height=31 id="m_7655896158534087908_x005f_x0000_i1026" src="cid:image002.png@01D26BD8.60ACC8D0" alt="cid:image002.png@01D26BD8.60ACC8D0"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>.</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>H</span></i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'> is further defined as probabilistic entropy using Gibb’s formulation of the entropy </span><img border=0 width=90 height=27 id="m_7655896158534087908_x005f_x0000_i1027" src="cid:image003.png@01D26BD8.60ACC8D0" alt="cid:image003.png@01D26BD8.60ACC8D0"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>.</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>This definition of information is an operational definition. In my opinion, we do not need an essentialistic definition by answering the question of “what is information?” As the discussion on this list demonstrates, one does not easily agree on an essential answer; one can answer the question “how is information defined?” Information is not “something out there” which “exists” otherwise than as our construct.</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>Using essentialistic definitions, the discussion tends not to move forward. For example, Stuart Kauffman’s and Bob Logan’s (2007) definition of information “as natural selection assembling the very constraints on the release of energy that then constitutes work and the propagation of organization.” I asked several times what this means and how one can measure this information. Hitherto, I only obtained the answer that colleagues who disagree with me will be cited. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;color:#44546A'>J</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'> Another answer was that “counting” may lead to populism. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;color:#44546A'>J</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>Best,</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>Loet</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><div style='margin-left:.5in'><div style='margin-left:.5in'><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><hr size=3 width="100%" align=center></span></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Loet Leydesdorff </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Professor, University of Amsterdam<br>Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR)</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" target="_blank">loet@leydesdorff.net</a> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>; </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><a href="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" target="_blank">http://www.leydesdorff.net/</a></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'> <br></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>Associate Faculty, </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><a href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/" target="_blank"><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>SPRU, </span></a></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>University of Sussex; </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>Guest Professor </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><a href="http://www.zju.edu.cn/english/" target="_blank"><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Zhejiang Univ.</span></a></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>, Hangzhou; Visiting Professor, </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><a href="http://www.istic.ac.cn/Eng/brief_en.html" target="_blank"><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>ISTIC, </span></a></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>Beijing;</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>Visiting Professor, </span><a name="m_7655896158534087908_m_7584457439853745"></a><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><a href="http://www.bbk.ac.uk/" target="_blank"><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Birkbeck</span></a></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>, University of London; </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><a href="http://scholar.google.com/" target="_blank">http://scholar.google.com/</a>citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.5in'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> Dick Stoute [<a href="mailto:dick.stoute@gmail.com" target="_blank">mailto:dick.stoute@gmail.com</a>] <br><b>Sent:</b> Monday, December 19, 2016 12:48 PM<br><b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" target="_blank">loet@leydesdorff.net</a><br><b>Cc:</b> James Peters; <a href="mailto:ulan@umces.edu" target="_blank">ulan@umces.edu</a>; Alex Hankey; FIS Webinar<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] What is information? and What is life?</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.5in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.5in'>List,<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.5in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.5in'>Please allow me to respond to Loet about the definition of information stated below. <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.5in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class="m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext" style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>1. the definition of information as uncertainty is counter-intuitive ("bizarre"); (p. 27)</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext" style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext" style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>I agree. I struggled with this definition for a long time before realising that Shannon was really discussing "amount of information" or the number of bits needed to convey a message. He was looking for a formula that would provide an accurate estimate of the number of bits needed to convey a message and realised that the amount of information (number of bits) needed to convey a message was dependent on the "amount" of uncertainty that had to be eliminated and so he equated these. </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext" style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext" style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>It makes sense to do this, but we must distinguish between "amount of information" and "information". For example, we can measure amount of water in liters, but this does not tell us what water is and likewise the measure we use for "amount of information" does not tell us what information is. We can, for example equate the amount of water needed to fill a container with the volume of the container, but we should not think that water is therefore identical to an empty volume. Similarly we should not think that information is identical to uncertainty.</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext" style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext" style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>By equating the number of bits needed to convey a message with the "amount of uncertainty" that has to be eliminated Shannon, in effect, equated opposites so that he could get an estimate of the number of bits needed to eliminate the uncertainty. We should not therefore consider that this equation establishes what information is. </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext" style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext" style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>Dick</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.5in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.5in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.5in'>On 18 December 2016 at 15:05, Loet Leydesdorff <<a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" target="_blank">loet@leydesdorff.net</a>> wrote:<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'>Dear James and colleagues, <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'>Weaver (1949) made two major remarks about his coauthor (Shannon)'s contribution:<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'>1. the definition of information as uncertainty is counter-intuitive ("bizarre"); (p. 27)<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'>2. "In particular, information must not be confused with meaning." (p. 8) <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'>The definition of information as relevant for a system of reference confuses information with "meaningful information" and thus sacrifices the surplus value of Shannon's counter-intuitive definition.<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:2.0in'>information observer<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:2.0in'>that integrates interactive processes such as <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:2.0in'>physical interactions such photons stimulating the retina of the eye, human-machine interactions (this is the level that Shannon lives on), biological interaction such body temperature relative to touch ice or heat source, social interaction such as this forum started by Pedro, economic interaction such as the stock market, ... [Lerner, page 1].<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'><span style='color:black'>We are in need of a theory of meaning. Otherwise, one cannot measure meaningful information. In a previous series of communications we discussed redundancy from this perspective.</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:2.0in'>Lerner introduces mathematical expectation E[Sap] (difference between of a priory entropy [sic] and a posteriori entropy), which is distinguished from the notion of relative information Iap (Learner, page 7).<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><img border=0 width=140 height=36 id="m_7655896158534087908m_7584457439853745778m_3098479109588466821m_6893889769850668776_x005f_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image004.png@01D26BD8.60ACC8D0" alt="cid:image004.png@01D26BD8.60ACC8D0"></span><span style='color:black'>) expresses in bits of information the information generated when the a priori distribution </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><img border=0 width=46 height=27 id="m_7655896158534087908m_7584457439853745778m_3098479109588466821_x005f_x0000_i1026" src="cid:image005.png@01D26BD8.60ACC8D0" alt="cid:image005.png@01D26BD8.60ACC8D0"></span><span style='color:black'>is turned into the a posteriori one </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><img border=0 width=50 height=27 id="m_7655896158534087908m_7584457439853745778m_3098479109588466821_x005f_x0000_i1027" src="cid:image006.png@01D26BD8.60ACC8D0" alt="cid:image006.png@01D26BD8.60ACC8D0"></span><span style='color:black'>. This follows within the Shannon framework without needing an observer. I use this equation, for example, in my 1995-book <i>The Challenge of Scientometrics</i> (Chapters 8 and 9), with a reference to Theil (1972). The relative information is defined as the <i>H</i>/<i>H</i>(max).</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'><span style='color:black'>I agree that the intuitive notion of information is derived from the Latin “in-formare” (Varela, 1979). But most of us do no longer use “force” and “mass” in the intuitive (Aristotelian) sense. </span><span style='font-family:Wingdings;color:black'>J</span><span style='color:black'> The proliferation of the meanings of information if confused with “meaningful information” is indicative for an “index sui et falsi”, in my opinion. The repetitive discussion lames the progression at this list. It is “like asking whether a glass is half empty or half full” (Hayles, 1990, p. 59). </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:2.0in'>This act of forming forming an information process results in the construction of an observer that is the owner [holder] of information.<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'>The system of reference is then no longer the message, but the observer who provides meaning to the information (uncertainty). I agree that this is a selection process, but the variation first has to be specified independently (before it can be selected.<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:2.0in'>And Lerner introduces the threshold between objective and subjective observes (page 27). This leads to a consideration selection and cooperation that includes entanglement.<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'><span style='color:black'>I don’t see a direct relation between information and entanglement. An observer can be entangled.</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'><span style='color:black'>Best, </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'><span style='color:black'>Loet</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'><span style='color:black'>PS. Pedro: Let me assume that this is my second posting in the week which ends tonight. L.</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=m7655896158534087908m7584457439853745778m3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.5in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:1.5in'><br>_______________________________________________<br>Fis mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.5in'><br><br clear=all><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.5in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.5in'>-- <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:1.5in'><br>4 Austin Dr. Prior Park St. James, Barbados BB23004<br>Tel: <a href="tel:%28246%29%20421-8855" target="_blank">246-421-8855</a><br>Cell: <a href="tel:%28246%29%20243-5938" target="_blank">246-243-5938</a><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:1.0in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>_______________________________________________<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>Fis mailing list<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'><a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre></blockquote><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>-- <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>-----------------------------------------<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>Professor David (Dai) Griffiths<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>Professor of Education<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>School of Education and Psychology<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>The University of Bolton<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>Deane Road<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>Bolton, BL3 5AB<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>Office: T3 02<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'><a href="http://www.bolton.ac.uk/IEC" target="_blank">http://www.bolton.ac.uk/IEC</a><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>SKYPE: daigriffiths<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>UK Mobile <a href="tel:+44%207491%20151559" target="_blank">+44 (0)7491151559</a><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>Spanish Mobile: <a href="tel:+34%20687%2095%2059%2012" target="_blank">+ 34 687955912</a><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>Work: <a href="tel:+44%207826%20917705" target="_blank">+ 44 (0)7826917705</a> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>(Please don't leave voicemail)<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>email: <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'> <a href="mailto:d.e.griffiths@bolton.ac.uk" target="_blank">d.e.griffiths@bolton.ac.uk</a> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'> <a href="mailto:dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com" target="_blank">dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com</a><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'>_______________________________________________ Fis mailing list <a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a> <a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>_______________________________________________<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>Fis mailing list<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'><a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre></blockquote><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>-- <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>-----------------------------------------<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>Professor David (Dai) Griffiths<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>Professor of Education<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>School of Education and Psychology<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>The University of Bolton<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>Deane Road<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>Bolton, BL3 5AB<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>Office: T3 02<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'><a href="http://www.bolton.ac.uk/IEC" target="_blank">http://www.bolton.ac.uk/IEC</a><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>SKYPE: daigriffiths<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>UK Mobile <a href="tel:+44%207491%20151559" target="_blank">+44 (0)7491151559</a><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>Spanish Mobile: <a href="tel:+34%20687%2095%2059%2012" target="_blank">+ 34 687955912</a><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>Work: <a href="tel:+44%207826%20917705" target="_blank">+ 44 (0)7826917705</a> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>(Please don't leave voicemail)<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'>email: <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'> <a href="mailto:d.e.griffiths@bolton.ac.uk" target="_blank">d.e.griffiths@bolton.ac.uk</a> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:1.0in'> <a href="mailto:dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com" target="_blank">dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com</a><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></pre></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:1.0in'><br>_______________________________________________<br>Fis mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'><br><br clear=all><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'> <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'>-- <span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'>Professor Terrence W. Deacon<br>University of California, Berkeley<span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><br><br clear=all><o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>-- <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Professor Terrence W. Deacon<br>University of California, Berkeley<o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div></body></html>