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<p>Thanks Stan,</p>
<p>Yes, it's a powerful and useful process. <br>
</p>
My problem is that in this list, and in other places were such
matters are discussed, we don't seem to be able to agree on the big
picture, and the higher up the generalisations we go, the less we
agree. <br>
<br>
I'd like to keep open the possibility that we might be yoking ideas
together which it may be more useful to keep apart. We are dealing
with messy concepts in messy configurations, which may not always
map neatly onto a generalisation model. <br>
<br>
Dai<br>
<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 22/12/16 16:45, Stanley N Salthe
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote
cite="mid:CAEoH_fRYBYh+gY6y5Yg2zEvxpMV-kRXiCxiVOcMsBfcn7og5Lg@mail.gmail.com"
type="cite">
<div dir="ltr">
<p class="gmail-p1"><span class="gmail-s1">Dai --</span></p>
<p class="gmail-p1"><span class="gmail-s1">{phenomenon 1}</span></p>
<p class="gmail-p2">{phenomenon 2} --> {Phenomena 1 &
2} ---> {phenomena 1.2,3}<br>
<span class="gmail-s1"></span></p>
<p class="gmail-p2">{phenomenon 3}<br>
<span class="gmail-s1"></span></p>
<p class="gmail-p2">The process from left to right is
generalization.<br>
<span class="gmail-s1"></span></p>
<p class="gmail-p2">‘Information’ IS a generalization.</p>
<p class="gmail-p2">generalities form the substance of
philosophy. Info happens to a case</p>
<p class="gmail-p2"> of generalization which can be
mathematized, which in turn allows</p>
<p class="gmail-p2"> it to be generalized even more.</p>
<p class="gmail-p2">So, what’s the problem?<br>
<span class="gmail-s1"></span></p>
<p class="gmail-p2">STAN<br>
<span class="gmail-s1"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="gmail_extra"><br>
<div class="gmail_quote">On Wed, Dec 21, 2016 at 7:44 AM, Dai
Griffiths <span dir="ltr"><<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com" target="_blank">dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com</a>></span>
wrote:<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0
.8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
<p>> Information is not “something out there” which
“exists” otherwise than as our construct.</p>
<p>I agree with this. And I wonder to what extent our
problems in discussing information come from our desire
to shoe-horn many different phenomena into the same
construct. It would be possible to disaggregate the
construct. It be possible to discuss the topics which we
address on this list without using the word
'information'. We could discuss redundancy, variety,
constraint, meaning, structural coupling, coordination,
expectation, language, etc.</p>
<p>In what ways would our explanations be weakened?<br>
</p>
<p>In what ways might we gain in clarity? </p>
<p>If we were to go down this road, we would face the
danger that our discussions might become (even more)
remote from everyday human experience. But many
scientific discussions are remote from everyday human
experience.<br>
</p>
<p>Dai<br>
</p>
<div class="m_3098479109588466821moz-cite-prefix">On
20/12/16 08:26, Loet Leydesdorff wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div class="m_3098479109588466821WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">Dear
colleagues, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">A
distribution contains uncertainty that can be
measured in terms of bits of information.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">Alternatively:
the expected information content <i>H </i>of a
probability distribution </span><span><img
id="m_3098479109588466821_x0000_i1025"
src="cid:part2.B10289AB.21B23B83@gmail.com"
height="27" width="46"></span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">is
</span><span><img
id="m_3098479109588466821_x0000_i1025"
src="cid:part3.DED9DF1E.388F343F@gmail.com"
height="31" width="153"></span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">.</span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">H</span></i><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">
is further defined as probabilistic entropy using
Gibb’s formulation of the entropy </span><span><img
id="m_3098479109588466821_x0000_i1025"
src="cid:part4.CC4E4BC8.FE1F973F@gmail.com"
height="27" width="90"></span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">This
definition of information is an operational
definition. In my opinion, we do not need an
essentialistic definition by answering the
question of “what is information?” As the
discussion on this list demonstrates, one does not
easily agree on an essential answer; one can
answer the question “how is information defined?”
Information is not “something out there” which
“exists” otherwise than as our construct.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">Using
essentialistic definitions, the discussion tends
not to move forward. For example, Stuart
Kauffman’s and Bob Logan’s (2007) definition of
information “as natural selection assembling the
very constraints on the release of energy that
then constitutes work and the propagation of
organization.” I asked several times what this
means and how one can measure this information.
Hitherto, I only obtained the answer that
colleagues who disagree with me will be cited. </span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;color:#44546a">J</span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">
Another answer was that “counting” may lead to
populism. </span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;color:#44546a">J</span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">Best,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">Loet</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"> </span></p>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center"
align="center"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">
<hr align="center" size="3" width="100%"></span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Loet
Leydesdorff </span><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Professor,
University of Amsterdam<br>
Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net"
title="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net"
target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"></span></a><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
class="m_3098479109588466821moz-txt-link-abbreviated"
href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net"
target="_blank"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net">loet@leydesdorff.net</a></a> </span><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">;
</span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.leydesdorff.net/"
title="http://www.leydesdorff.net/"
target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"></span></a><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
class="m_3098479109588466821moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.leydesdorff.net/"
target="_blank"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.leydesdorff.net/">http://www.leydesdorff.net/</a></a></span><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">
<br>
</span><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Associate
Faculty, </span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/"
target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">SPRU,
</span></a></span><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">University
of Sussex; </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Guest
Professor </span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.zju.edu.cn/english/"
target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Zhejiang
Univ.</span></a></span><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">,
Hangzhou; Visiting Professor, </span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.istic.ac.cn/Eng/brief_en.html"
target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">ISTIC,
</span></a></span><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Beijing;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Visiting
Professor, </span><a moz-do-not-send="true"
name="m_3098479109588466821__GoBack"></a><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.bbk.ac.uk/" target="_blank"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt">Birkbeck</span></a></span><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">,
University of London; </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en"
target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"></span></a><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
class="m_3098479109588466821moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en"
target="_blank"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://scholar.google.com/">http://scholar.google.com/</a><wbr>citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&<wbr>hl=en</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">
Dick Stoute [<a moz-do-not-send="true"
class="m_3098479109588466821moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="mailto:dick.stoute@gmail.com"
target="_blank">mailto:dick.stoute@gmail.com</a>]
<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, December 19, 2016 12:48 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a moz-do-not-send="true"
class="m_3098479109588466821moz-txt-link-abbreviated"
href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net"
target="_blank">loet@leydesdorff.net</a><br>
<b>Cc:</b> James Peters; <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
class="m_3098479109588466821moz-txt-link-abbreviated"
href="mailto:ulan@umces.edu" target="_blank"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:ulan@umces.edu">ulan@umces.edu</a></a>;
Alex Hankey; FIS Webinar<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] What is information? and
What is life?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"> </p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">List,</p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"> </p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Please
allow me to respond to Loet about the definition
of information stated below. </p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"> </p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext"
style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">1.
the definition of information as uncertainty
is counter-intuitive ("bizarre"); (p. 27)</span></p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext"
style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""> </span></p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext"
style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">I
agree. I struggled with this definition for a
long time before realising that Shannon was
really discussing "amount of information" or
the number of bits needed to convey a
message. He was looking for a formula that
would provide an accurate estimate of the
number of bits needed to convey a message and
realised that the amount of information
(number of bits) needed to convey a message
was dependent on the "amount" of uncertainty
that had to be eliminated and so he equated
these. </span></p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext"
style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""> </span></p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext"
style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It
makes sense to do this, but we must
distinguish between "amount of information"
and "information". For example, we can
measure amount of water in liters, but this
does not tell us what water is and likewise
the measure we use for "amount of information"
does not tell us what information is. We can,
for example equate the amount of water needed
to fill a container with the volume of the
container, but we should not think that water
is therefore identical to an empty volume.
Similarly we should not think that information
is identical to uncertainty.</span></p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext"
style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""> </span></p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext"
style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">By
equating the number of bits needed to convey a
message with the "amount of uncertainty" that
has to be eliminated Shannon, in effect,
equated opposites so that he could get an
estimate of the number of bits needed to
eliminate the uncertainty. We should not
therefore consider that this equation
establishes what information is. </span></p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext"
style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""> </span></p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext"
style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Dick</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"> </p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"> </p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">On
18 December 2016 at 15:05, Loet Leydesdorff <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
class="m_3098479109588466821moz-txt-link-abbreviated"
href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net"
target="_blank"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net">loet@leydesdorff.net</a></a>>
wrote:</p>
<div>
<div>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in">Dear James and
colleagues, </p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"> </p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in">Weaver (1949) made
two major remarks about his coauthor
(Shannon)'s contribution:</p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"> </p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in">1. the definition
of information as uncertainty is
counter-intuitive ("bizarre"); (p. 27)</p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in">2. "In particular,
information must not be confused with
meaning." (p. 8) </p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"> </p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in">The definition of
information as relevant for a system of
reference confuses information with
"meaningful information" and thus sacrifices
the surplus value of Shannon's
counter-intuitive definition.</p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"> </p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:1.0in">information
observer</p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"> </p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:1.0in">that integrates
interactive processes such as </p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"> </p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:1.0in">physical
interactions such photons stimulating the
retina of the eye, human-machine
interactions (this is the level that Shannon
lives on), biological interaction such body
temperature relative to touch ice or heat
source, social interaction such as this
forum started by Pedro, economic interaction
such as the stock market, ... [Lerner, page
1].</p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="color:black"> </span></p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="color:black">We are in need of a
theory of meaning. Otherwise, one cannot
measure meaningful information. In a
previous series of communications we
discussed redundancy from this
perspective.</span></p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"> </p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:1.0in">Lerner introduces
mathematical expectation E[Sap] (difference
between of a priory entropy [sic] and a
posteriori entropy), which is distinguished
from the notion of relative information Iap
(Learner, page 7).</p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="color:black"> </span></p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><img
id="m_3098479109588466821m_6893889769850668776_x005f_x0000_i1025"
src="cid:part20.083C1D7C.F881252E@gmail.com"
border="0" height="36" width="140"></span><span
style="color:black">) expresses in bits of
information the information generated when
the a priori distribution </span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><img
id="m_3098479109588466821_x0000_i1026"
src="cid:part21.AA311286.ABCC388A@gmail.com"
border="0" height="27" width="46"></span><span
style="color:black">is turned into the a
posteriori one </span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><img
id="m_3098479109588466821_x0000_i1027"
src="cid:part22.B9F364E6.37C2B9D9@gmail.com"
border="0" height="27" width="50"></span><span
style="color:black">. This follows within
the Shannon framework without needing an
observer. I use this equation, for
example, in my 1995-book <i>The Challenge
of Scientometrics</i> (Chapters 8 and
9), with a reference to Theil (1972). The
relative information is defined as the <i>H</i>/<i>H</i>(max).</span></p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="color:black"> </span></p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="color:black">I agree that the
intuitive notion of information is derived
from the Latin “in-formare” (Varela,
1979). But most of us do no longer use
“force” and “mass” in the intuitive
(Aristotelian) sense. </span><span
style="font-family:Wingdings;color:black">J</span><span
style="color:black"> The proliferation of
the meanings of information if confused
with “meaningful information” is
indicative for an “index sui et falsi”, in
my opinion. The repetitive discussion
lames the progression at this list. It is
“like asking whether a glass is half empty
or half full” (Hayles, 1990, p. 59). </span></p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"> </p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:1.0in">This act of
forming forming an information process
results in the construction of an observer
that is the owner [holder] of information.</p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"> </p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in">The system of
reference is then no longer the message, but
the observer who provides meaning to the
information (uncertainty). I agree that this
is a selection process, but the variation
first has to be specified independently
(before it can be selected.</p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="color:black"> </span></p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:1.0in">And Lerner
introduces the threshold between objective
and subjective observes (page 27). This
leads to a consideration selection and
cooperation that includes entanglement.</p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="color:black"> </span></p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="color:black">I don’t see a direct
relation between information and
entanglement. An observer can be
entangled.</span></p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="color:black"> </span></p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="color:black">Best, </span></p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="color:black">Loet</span></p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="color:black"> </span></p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="color:black">PS. Pedro: Let me
assume that this is my second posting in
the week which ends tonight. L.</span></p>
<p
class="m_3098479109588466821m6893889769850668776msoplaintext"
style="margin-left:.5in"> </p>
</div>
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------------------------------<wbr>-----------
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School of Education and Psychology
The University of Bolton
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
-----------------------------------------
Professor David (Dai) Griffiths
Professor of Education
School of Education and Psychology
The University of Bolton
Deane Road
Bolton, BL3 5AB
Office: T3 02
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.bolton.ac.uk/IEC">http://www.bolton.ac.uk/IEC</a>
SKYPE: daigriffiths
UK Mobile +44 (0)7491151559
Spanish Mobile: + 34 687955912
Work: + 44 (0)7826917705
(Please don't leave voicemail)
email:
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:d.e.griffiths@bolton.ac.uk">d.e.griffiths@bolton.ac.uk</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com">dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com</a></pre></body></html>