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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>Dear colleagues, <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>A distribution contains uncertainty that can be measured in terms of bits of information.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>Alternatively: the expected information content <i>H </i>of a probability distribution </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:nary><m:naryPr><m:chr m:val="∑"/><m:limLoc m:val="subSup"/><m:supHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#44546A;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:naryPr><m:sub><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#44546A'><m:r>i</m:r></span></i></m:sub><m:sup></m:sup><m:e><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#44546A;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#44546A'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#44546A'><m:r>i</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:e></m:nary></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";position:relative;top:2.5pt;mso-text-raise:-2.5pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=46 height=27 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image008.png@01D25AA3.2973CDF0"></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>is </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#44546A'><m:r>-</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:nary><m:naryPr><m:chr m:val="∑"/><m:limLoc m:val="undOvr"/><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#44546A;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:naryPr><m:sub><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#44546A'><m:r>i</m:r></span></i></m:sub><m:sup></m:sup><m:e><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#44546A;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#44546A'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#44546A'><m:r>i</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#44546A'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#44546A'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>log</m:r><m:r><i>(</i></m:r></span><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#44546A;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#44546A'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#44546A'><m:r>i</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#44546A'><m:r>)</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:nary></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";position:relative;top:3.0pt;mso-text-raise:-3.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=153 height=31 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image009.png@01D25AA3.2973CDF0"></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>H</span></i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'> is further defined as probabilistic entropy using Gibb’s formulation of the entropy </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#44546A'><m:r>S</m:r><m:r>= </m:r></span></i><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#44546A;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#44546A'><m:r>k</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#44546A'><m:r>B</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#44546A'><m:r>H</m:r></span></i></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";position:relative;top:2.5pt;mso-text-raise:-2.5pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=90 height=27 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image011.png@01D25AA3.2973CDF0"></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>This definition of information is an operational definition. In my opinion, we do not need an essentialistic definition by answering the question of “what is information?” As the discussion on this list demonstrates, one does not easily agree on an essential answer; one can answer the question “how is information defined?” Information is not “something out there” which “exists” otherwise than as our construct.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>Using essentialistic definitions, the discussion tends not to move forward. For example, Stuart Kauffman’s and Bob Logan’s (2007) definition of information “as natural selection assembling the very constraints on the release of energy that then constitutes work and the propagation of organization.” I asked several times what this means and how one can measure this information. Hitherto, I only obtained the answer that colleagues who disagree with me will be cited. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;color:#44546A'>J</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'> Another answer was that “counting” may lead to populism. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;color:#44546A'>J</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>Loet<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><hr size=3 width="100%" align=center></span></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Loet Leydesdorff </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Professor, University of Amsterdam<br>Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" title="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>loet@leydesdorff.net </span></a></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>; </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><a href="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" title="http://www.leydesdorff.net/"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>http://www.leydesdorff.net/</span></a></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'> <br></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>Associate Faculty, </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><a href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/"><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>SPRU, </span></a></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>University of Sussex; <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>Guest Professor </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><a href="http://www.zju.edu.cn/english/"><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Zhejiang Univ.</span></a></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>, Hangzhou; Visiting Professor, </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><a href="http://www.istic.ac.cn/Eng/brief_en.html"><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>ISTIC, </span></a></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>Beijing;<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>Visiting Professor, </span><a name="_GoBack"></a><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><a href="http://www.bbk.ac.uk/"><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Birkbeck</span></a></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>, University of London; <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><a href="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en"><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> Dick Stoute [mailto:dick.stoute@gmail.com] <br><b>Sent:</b> Monday, December 19, 2016 12:48 PM<br><b>To:</b> loet@leydesdorff.net<br><b>Cc:</b> James Peters; ulan@umces.edu; Alex Hankey; FIS Webinar<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] What is information? and What is life?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>List,<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Please allow me to respond to Loet about the definition of information stated below. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>1. the definition of information as uncertainty is counter-intuitive ("bizarre"); (p. 27)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>I agree. I struggled with this definition for a long time before realising that Shannon was really discussing "amount of information" or the number of bits needed to convey a message. He was looking for a formula that would provide an accurate estimate of the number of bits needed to convey a message and realised that the amount of information (number of bits) needed to convey a message was dependent on the "amount" of uncertainty that had to be eliminated and so he equated these. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>It makes sense to do this, but we must distinguish between "amount of information" and "information". For example, we can measure amount of water in liters, but this does not tell us what water is and likewise the measure we use for "amount of information" does not tell us what information is. We can, for example equate the amount of water needed to fill a container with the volume of the container, but we should not think that water is therefore identical to an empty volume. Similarly we should not think that information is identical to uncertainty.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>By equating the number of bits needed to convey a message with the "amount of uncertainty" that has to be eliminated Shannon, in effect, equated opposites so that he could get an estimate of the number of bits needed to eliminate the uncertainty. We should not therefore consider that this equation establishes what information is. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=gmail-m-7620727072806746849gmail-m-3869641630998968668msoplaintext style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>Dick<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>On 18 December 2016 at 15:05, Loet Leydesdorff <<a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" target="_blank">loet@leydesdorff.net</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><div><div><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'>Dear James and colleagues, <o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'>Weaver (1949) made two major remarks about his coauthor (Shannon)'s contribution:<o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'>1. the definition of information as uncertainty is counter-intuitive ("bizarre"); (p. 27)<o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'>2. "In particular, information must not be confused with meaning." (p. 8) <o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'>The definition of information as relevant for a system of reference confuses information with "meaningful information" and thus sacrifices the surplus value of Shannon's counter-intuitive definition.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.0in'>information observer<o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.0in'>that integrates interactive processes such as <o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.0in'>physical interactions such photons stimulating the retina of the eye, human-machine interactions (this is the level that Shannon lives on), biological interaction such body temperature relative to touch ice or heat source, social interaction such as this forum started by Pedro, economic interaction such as the stock market, ... [Lerner, page 1].<o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>We are in need of a theory of meaning. Otherwise, one cannot measure meaningful information. In a previous series of communications we discussed redundancy from this perspective.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.0in'>Lerner introduces mathematical expectation E[Sap] (difference between of a priory entropy [sic] and a posteriori entropy), which is distinguished from the notion of relative information Iap (Learner, page 7).<o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><img border=0 width=140 height=36 id="m_6893889769850668776_x005f_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image005.png@01D25A9F.FD5742E0"></span><span style='color:black'>) expresses in bits of information the information generated when the a priori distribution </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><img border=0 width=46 height=27 id="_x0000_i1026" src="cid:image006.png@01D25A9F.FD5742E0"></span><span style='color:black'>is turned into the a posteriori one </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><img border=0 width=50 height=27 id="_x0000_i1027" src="cid:image007.png@01D25A9F.FD5742E0"></span><span style='color:black'>. This follows within the Shannon framework without needing an observer. I use this equation, for example, in my 1995-book <i>The Challenge of Scientometrics</i> (Chapters 8 and 9), with a reference to Theil (1972). The relative information is defined as the <i>H</i>/<i>H</i>(max).</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>I agree that the intuitive notion of information is derived from the Latin “in-formare” (Varela, 1979). But most of us do no longer use “force” and “mass” in the intuitive (Aristotelian) sense. </span><span style='font-family:Wingdings;color:black'>J</span><span style='color:black'> The proliferation of the meanings of information if confused with “meaningful information” is indicative for an “index sui et falsi”, in my opinion. The repetitive discussion lames the progression at this list. It is “like asking whether a glass is half empty or half full” (Hayles, 1990, p. 59). </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.0in'>This act of forming forming an information process results in the construction of an observer that is the owner [holder] of information.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'>The system of reference is then no longer the message, but the observer who provides meaning to the information (uncertainty). I agree that this is a selection process, but the variation first has to be specified independently (before it can be selected.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:1.0in'>And Lerner introduces the threshold between objective and subjective observes (page 27). This leads to a consideration selection and cooperation that includes entanglement.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>I don’t see a direct relation between information and entanglement. An observer can be entangled.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Best, </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>Loet</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:black'>PS. Pedro: Let me assume that this is my second posting in the week which ends tonight. L.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=m6893889769850668776msoplaintext style='margin-left:.5in'> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.5in'><br>_______________________________________________<br>Fis mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><br><br clear=all><o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>-- <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.5in'><br>4 Austin Dr. Prior Park St. James, Barbados BB23004<br>Tel: 246-421-8855<br>Cell: 246-243-5938<o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div></body></html>