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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72"><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoPlainText>Dear James and colleagues, <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText>Weaver (1949) made two major remarks about his coauthor (Shannon)'s contribution:<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText>1. the definition of information as uncertainty is counter-intuitive ("bizarre"); (p. 27)<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText>2. "In particular, information must not be confused with meaning." (p. 8) <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText>The definition of information as relevant for a system of reference confuses information with "meaningful information" and thus sacrifices the surplus value of Shannon's counter-intuitive definition.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>information observer<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>that integrates interactive processes such as <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>physical interactions such photons stimulating the retina of the eye, human-machine interactions (this is the level that Shannon lives on), biological interaction such body temperature relative to touch ice or heat source, social interaction such as this forum started by Pedro, economic interaction such as the stock market, ... [Lerner, page 1].<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span style='color:black'>We are in need of a theory of meaning. Otherwise, one cannot measure meaningful information. In a previous series of communications we discussed redundancy from this perspective.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>Lerner introduces mathematical expectation E[Sap] (difference between of a priory entropy [sic] and a posteriori entropy), which is distinguished from the notion of relative information Iap (Learner, page 7).<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:nary><m:naryPr><m:chr m:val="∑"/><m:limLoc m:val="subSup"/><m:supHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:naryPr><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black'><m:r>i</m:r></span></i></m:sub><m:sup></m:sup><m:e><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black'><m:r>q</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black'><m:r>i</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:e></m:nary><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>log</m:r><m:r><i>(</i></m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><m:type m:val="skw"/><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black'><m:r>q</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black'><m:r>i</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:num><m:den><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black'><m:r>i</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";position:relative;top:5.0pt;mso-text-raise:-5.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=140 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image007.png@01D2596A.1009AA40"></span><![endif]><span style='color:black'>) expresses in bits of information the information generated when the a priori distribution </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:nary><m:naryPr><m:chr m:val="∑"/><m:limLoc m:val="subSup"/><m:supHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:naryPr><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black'><m:r>i</m:r></span></i></m:sub><m:sup></m:sup><m:e><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black'><m:r>i</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:e></m:nary></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";position:relative;top:2.5pt;mso-text-raise:-2.5pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=46 height=27 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image008.png@01D2596A.1009AA40"></span><![endif]><span style='color:black'>is turned into the a posteriori one </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:nary><m:naryPr><m:chr m:val="∑"/><m:limLoc m:val="subSup"/><m:supHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:naryPr><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black'><m:r>i</m:r></span></i></m:sub><m:sup></m:sup><m:e><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black'><m:r>q</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black'><m:r>i</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:e></m:nary><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black'><m:r> </m:r></span></i></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";position:relative;top:2.5pt;mso-text-raise:-2.5pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=50 height=27 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image009.png@01D2596A.1009AA40"></span><![endif]><span style='color:black'>. This follows within the Shannon framework without needing an observer. I use this equation, for example, in my 1995-book <i>The Challenge of Scientometrics</i> (Chapters 8 and 9), with a reference to Theil (1972). The relative information is defined as the <i>H</i>/<i>H</i>(max).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span style='color:black'>I agree that the intuitive notion of information is derived from the Latin “in-formare” (Varela, 1979). But most of us do no longer use “force” and “mass” in the intuitive (Aristotelian) sense. </span><span style='font-family:Wingdings;color:black'>J</span><span style='color:black'> The proliferation of the meanings of information if confused with “meaningful information” is indicative for an “index sui et falsi”, in my opinion. The repetitive discussion lames the progression at this list. It is “like asking whether a glass is half empty or half full” (Hayles, 1990, p. 59). </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>This act of forming forming an information process results in the construction of an observer that is the owner [holder] of information.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText>The system of reference is then no longer the message, but the observer who provides meaning to the information (uncertainty). I agree that this is a selection process, but the variation first has to be specified independently (before it can be selected.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>And Lerner introduces the threshold between objective and subjective observes (page 27). This leads to a consideration selection and cooperation that includes entanglement.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span style='color:black'>I don’t see a direct relation between information and entanglement. An observer can be entangled.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span style='color:black'>Best, <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span style='color:black'>Loet<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span style='color:black'>PS. Pedro: Let me assume that this is my second posting in the week which ends tonight. L.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p></div></body></html>