<div dir="ltr">

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT">Explanations</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Thank you, Jerry, for
pointing out the excellent treatise by Hempel & Oppenheim on the Logic of Explanation.
As I understand their viewpoint, the ultimate explanation refers to a system of
facts that are known to all who use that system in which the explanation is
placed. The explanation pictures reality, but the reality is outside of the
explanation. The principle, expressed by Pythagoras, of “a²+b²=c²” is the
deepest possible explanation of how measurement instruments, like theodolites,
work; but note that the explanation makes no mention of sides of triangles, it
is a simple algebraic statement, into the terms of which we project, think,
look, visualise unto their application as a tool to calculate distances. The
validity of the explanation is rooted in the facts that the numbers deliver.
The ultimate explanation shows a relation among numbers – let me hope that I
have interpreted the Hampel-Oppenheimer work correctly (by restating the
results of Wittgenstein). </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Now we have a
discovery – made possible by the availability of computers – of basic numeric
relations that are as fundamental as “a²+b²=c²”. The present task is to alert the
fellows in the applied fields that here is an explanation, and this could well
be that explanation which you have been looking for. The task before the customer
of the invention is again that of looking ideas into numbers, with the
difference that we now look not sides of triangles but strings of
matter-cum-energy-cum-information into the numbers. We see in reality the
patterns this numeric explanation delivers by the magnetic field lines, by the
eruptions of strings from the Sun, by the patterns of radiation as stars
collapse, and as they explode … there are very many fields where the relevance
of the explanation is visible to the eye; wherever filaments appear, a reorder is
at work. The “where” has many variations, here it can be visualised as a string
connecting the possible “wheres” during a reorder. The “what” can be anything
that numbers can represent: dense or very dense predictability loads are this
layman’s associations. The force lines are visible as lines in an Excel
illustration, if one makes the trouble to set up one’s own resorting and
track-following machine. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The numbers support a
different set of their interpretation, too. The resorting can be seen as the
infusion of an ingredient into a cell. After the flooding of the cell with
ingredient A has been completed, a reorder into A has taken place. Now a
different biochemical constituent is to be supplied into the cell. Enter
flooding by ingredient B. Can anyone tell, how this – concurrent or almost
concurrent flooding with A and B - will affect the state, positions,
availability of the elements of the cell? Yes, the satisfied customer of the
string-thickness-measuring toposcopic tautomat can deliver. He has spent up to
10 hours of programming “<i>sort(a,b)</i>”
in many variations, but now he is very content, because he can see the force
lines, generated by organising natural numbers.</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The bees also utilise
this kind of built in hardwired numeric table. Likewise do we all, including
children and animals. The ability to be oriented in space is delivered by
ganglions that are organised in a phylogenetically more archaic way than those
of the cortex. The regions and functionalities of the brain are of course
highly interconnected, far more than the layers of an onion. That bees, besides
knowing how to be oriented in space, also can count up to four, and communicate
about it, has nothing to do with the statement that the knowledge of spatial
orientation is a more archaic capacity of the brain than that of abstracting of
perceptions and enumerating the abstracted ideas. If the bees can count
abstract ideas up to four, that would indeed be an argument.</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The algorithms
proposed here allow a conceptualisation of a feed-back loop that condenses
information. Let us imagine cell X to be flooded by ingredients A and B and
that this leads to a discontinuity, as too many elements that are to be flooded
by B are not available because they are presently flooded with A, therefore the
system breaks down. The resulting discontinuity could well have the form of an
electric discharge, which then causes some concurrent flooding to stop. Then
the frequency of how often an electric discharge happens would signal and determine
the biochemical logistics of the cell by ingredients: voilá a ganglion,
connecting hormonal states with patterns of bursts.</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Clever use of the
discontinuities (of the firings of our ganglions while we think), means that
there exist regularities about the genesis of discontinuities (which a less
clever setup does not make use of). A numeric tool that keeps producing non-realisable
predictions, ending in predictable breakdowns, by being in itself, on design, potentially
self-contradictory: such a tool will not be first on the list for well-educated
humans to take fancy to. The pity is that Nature is not that well-schooled and
dares to make a difference between a+b=c and b+a=c, even if that is a taboo for
us, having been instructed to disregard this small detail. By her archaic,
uneducated, animal-like, primitive, unyielding nonchalance she produces many
spectacles, for the explanation of which we are at loss, because we cannot
think in an illogical fashion (another of Wittgenstein’s bonmots). Yet, it is
not illogical to pay attention to small details. We can build with our logical
tools a logical system that pictures how cooperation, compromises, conflicts
and breakdowns happen. The algebraic facts are here, open for all (OEIS A235647,
A242615). The numbers look good, they encourage the user’s creative ingenuity
in looking interpretations into the algorithms, welcoming his scientific
integrity in doublechecking, for which of his questions this is the explanation.</span></p>

</div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">2016-12-07 11:22 GMT+01:00 Pedro C. Marijuan <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es" target="_blank">pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es</a>></span>:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
  

    
  
  <div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
                        Da: "Jerry LR Chandler"
    <a class="m_7341566788113413757moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:jerry_lr_chandler@icloud.com" target="_blank"><jerry_lr_chandler@icloud.com></a><br>
    <div class="m_7341566788113413757moz-forward-container">
      <blockquote>
        <blockquote>
          Data: 05/12/2016 0.50<br>
          A: "fis"<a class="m_7341566788113413757moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank"><fis@listas.unizar.es></a><br>
          Cc: <a class="m_7341566788113413757moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:tozziarturo@libero.it" target="_blank"><tozziarturo@libero.it></a><br>
          Ogg: Re: [Fis] Who may proof that consciousness is an
          Euclidean n-space ???<br>
          <br>
          FISers:
          <div><br>
          </div>
          <div>This is just a short note to communicate about
            two matters of substantial importance with respect to
            foundational issues.</div>
          <div><br>
          </div>
          <div>Several contributors to this list serve have
            proposed a relationship between phenomena and biological
            structures / processes and mathematics. Perhaps of greatest
            interest have been the informational assertions seeking to
            relate mind / consciousness / brain to either traditional
            mathematical forms and/or Shannon information theory (with
            barely a mention of either the semiotic or empirical
            necessities).</div>
          <div><br>
          </div>
          <div>A common scientific flaw inhabits these several
            proposals. In my view, this common flaw is the absence of
            the relationships between scientific causality and
            mathematical symbols that are necessary to meet the logic of
            Lesniewski / Tarski, that is, a method to valid the proposed
            methods of representations. (Krassimir’s post touched these
            concerns lightly.)</div>
          <div><br>
          </div>
          <div>While it is possible to cite hundreds (if not
            thousands) of texts that seek to relate scientific
            phenomenon with causality, one  well-written account
             addresses the logical relations between scientific laws and
            the antecedent causes that generate consequences of
            importance for the study of the information sciences.  see:</div>
          <div><br>
          </div>
          <div><span style="font-family:Times;font-size:12pt;font-weight:700">Studies in the Logic of
              Explanation</span></div>
          <div>
            <div class="m_7341566788113413757page" title="Page 1">
              <div class="m_7341566788113413757layoutArea">
                <div class="m_7341566788113413757column">
                  <p><span style="font-size:12.000000pt;font-family:'Times'">Carl G. Hempel;
                      Paul Oppenheim </span></p>
                  <div><a href="http://www.sfu.ca/%7Ejillmc/Hempel%20and%20Oppenheim.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.sfu.ca/~jillmc/<wbr>Hempel%20and%20Oppenheim.pdf</a></div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div><br>
          </div>
          <div> I would like to emphasis that scientific
            inquiry necessarily requires the use of multiple symbol
            systems and hence intrinsically depends on the symbols used
            to express scientific laws. </div>
          <div><br>
          </div>
          <div><br>
          </div>
          <div>The second issue is relates to the various
            philosophical perspectives that are related to information
            theory.</div>
          <div>The web site </div>
          <div><br>
          </div>
          <div><a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/bois-reymond/" target="_blank">http://www.<wbr>informationphilosopher.com/<wbr>solutions/philosophers/bois-<wbr>reymond/</a></div>
          <div><br>
          </div>
          <div>present the views on numerous philosophers (see
            list below) AS WELL AS critical perspectives from a physical
            viewpoint.</div>
          <div><br>
          </div>
          <div>If time permits, I will add to this post in the
            coming week. </div>
          <div><br>
          </div>
          <div>Cheers</div>
          <div><br>
          </div>
          <div>Jerry  </div>
          <div><br>
          </div>
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          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/bobzien/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Susanne Bobzien</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/bois-reymond/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Emil du Bois-Reymond</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/bok/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Hilary Bok</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/knowledge/philosophers/bonjour/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Laurence BonJour</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/boole/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">George Boole</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/boutroux/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Émile Boutroux</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/bradley/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">F.H.Bradley</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/broad/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">C.D.Broad</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/burke/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Michael Burke</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/campbell/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">C.A.Campbell</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/campbellj/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Joseph Keim Campbell</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/carnap/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Rudolf Carnap</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/carneades/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Carneades</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
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          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/chalmers/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">David Chalmers</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/chisholm/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Roderick Chisholm</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/chrysippus/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Chrysippus</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/Cicero/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Cicero</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
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          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/clarkes/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Samuel Clarke</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/collins/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Anthony Collins</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/corradini/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Antonella Corradini</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/diodorus/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Diodorus Cronus</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
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          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/davidson/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Donald Davidson</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/decaro/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Mario De Caro</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
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          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/derrida/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Jacques Derrida</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
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          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/double/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Richard Double</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/knowledge/philosophers/dretske/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Fred Dretske</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
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          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/earman/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">John Earman</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/ekstrom/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Laura Waddell Ekstrom</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
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          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/epicurus/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Epicurus</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
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          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/fischer/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">John Martin Fischer</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
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          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/floridi/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Luciano Floridi</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/foot/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Philippa Foot</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/fouillee/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Alfred Fouilleé</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/frankfurt/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Harry Frankfurt</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/franklin/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Richard L. Franklin</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/frede/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Michael Frede</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/frege/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Gottlob Frege</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
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          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/gettier/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Edmund Gettier</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/ginet/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Carl Ginet</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/knowledge/philosophers/goldman/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Alvin Goldman</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
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          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/grice/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">H.Paul Grice</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/hacking/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Ian Hacking</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/haji/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Ishtiyaque Haji</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/hampshire/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Stuart Hampshire</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/hardie/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">W.F.R.Hardie</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/harris/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Sam Harris</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/hasker/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">William Hasker</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/hare/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">R.M.Hare</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/hegel/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Georg W.F. Hegel</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/heidegger/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Martin Heidegger</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/hobart/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">R.E.Hobart</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/hobbes/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Thomas Hobbes</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/hodgson/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">David Hodgson</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/hodgsons/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Shadsworth Hodgson</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/dholbach/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Baron d'Holbach</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/honderich/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Ted Honderich</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/huby/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Pamela Huby</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/hume/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">David Hume</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/huoranszki/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Ferenc Huoranszki</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/james/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">William James</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/kames/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Lord Kames</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/kane/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Robert Kane</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/kant/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Immanuel Kant</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/kapitan/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Tomis Kapitan</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/kim/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Jaegwon Kim</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/king/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">William King</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/knowledge/philosophers/kornblith/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Hilary Kornblith</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/korsgaard/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Christine Korsgaard</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/kripke/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Saul Kripke</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/lavazza/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Andrea Lavazza</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/lehrer/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Keith Lehrer</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/leibniz/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Gottfried Leibniz</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/leucippus/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Leucippus</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/levin/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Michael Levin</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/knowledge/philosophers/lewes/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">George Henry Lewes</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/knowledge/philosophers/lewis/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">C.I.Lewis</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/lewis/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">David Lewis</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/lipton/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Peter Lipton</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/locke/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">John Locke</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/lockwood/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Michael Lockwood</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/lowe/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">E. Jonathan Lowe</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/lucas/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">John R. Lucas</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/lucretius/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Lucretius</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/marcus/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Ruth Barcan Marcus</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/martineau/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">James Martineau</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/mccall/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Storrs McCall</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/mccann/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Hugh McCann</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/mcginn/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Colin McGinn</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/mckenna/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Michael McKenna</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/mclaughlin/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Brian McLaughlin</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/meehl/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Paul E. Meehl</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/meixner/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Uwe Meixner</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/mele/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Alfred Mele</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/merricks/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Trenton Merricks</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/mill/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">John Stuart Mill</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/miller/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Dickinson Miller</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/moore/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">G.E.Moore</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/knowledge/philosophers/morgan/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">C. Lloyd Morgan</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/nagelt/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Thomas Nagel</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/nietzsche/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Friedrich Nietzsche</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/norton/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">John Norton</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/nowell-smith/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">P.H.Nowell-Smith</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/nozick/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Robert Nozick</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/ockham/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">William of Ockham</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/oconnor/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Timothy O'Connor</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/pears/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">David F. Pears</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
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          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/weatherford/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Roy Weatherford</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/whewell/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">William Whewell</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/whitehead/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Alfred North Whitehead</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/widerker/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">David Widerker</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/wiggins/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">David Wiggins</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/williams/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Bernard Williams</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/williamson/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Timothy Williamson</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/wittgenstein/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <a href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/wolf/" style="color:rgb(102,102,255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)" target="_blank">Susan Wolf</a><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
          <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">Scientists </span><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background-color:rgb(238,238,238)">
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            <div>
              <blockquote type="cite">
                <div>On Nov 26, 2016, at 12:06 PM, <a href="mailto:tozziarturo@libero.it" target="_blank">tozziarturo@libero.it</a>
                  wrote:</div>
                <br class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-interchange-newline">
                <div>
                  <p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;margin-top:0px">Dear Krassimir,<span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span><br>
                    Thanks a lot for your question, now the discussion
                    will become hotter!</p>
                  <p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px">First of all, we never stated that
                    consciousness lies either on a n-sphere or on an
                    Euclidean n-space.<br>
                    Indeed, in our framework, consciousness IS the
                    continuous function.<span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span><br>
                    Such function stands for a gauge field that restores
                    the brain symmetries, broken by sensations.<span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span><br>
                    Concerning brain and gauge fields, see my PLOS
                    biology paper:<span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span><br>
                    <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1002400" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/<wbr>plosbiology/article?id=10.<wbr>1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1002400</a></p>
                  <p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px">When consciousness lacks, the
                    inter-dimensional projections are broken, and the
                    nervous higher functions temporarily disappear. <span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
                  <p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px">Concerning the question about which
                    are the manifolds where brain functions lie, it does
                    not matter whether they are spheres, or circles, or
                    concave, or flat structures: we demonstrated that
                    the BUT is valid not just for convex manifolds, but
                    for all the kinds of manifolds. <span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span><br>
                    See our:<span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span><br>
                    <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jnr.23720/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.<wbr>com/doi/10.1002/jnr.23720/<wbr>abstract?userIsAuthenticated=<wbr>false&<wbr>deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=</a><br>
                  </p>
                  <p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px">Therefore, even if you think that
                    brain and biological functions are trajectories
                    moving on concave structures towards lesser
                    energetic levels, as suggested by, e.g.,
                    Fokker-Planck equations, it does not matter: you may
                    always find the antipodal points with matching
                    description predicted by BUT. <span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
                  <p dir="ltr" style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px">Ciao!</p>
                  <div id="m_7341566788113413757mail-app-auto-default-signature" style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px">
                    <p dir="ltr">--<br>
                      Inviato da Libero Mail per Android</p>
                  </div>
                  <span style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;float:none;display:inline!important">sabato, 26 novembre 2016, 06:23PM +01:00 da
                    Krassimir Markov<span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="mailto:markov@foibg.com" style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px" target="_blank">markov@foibg.com</a><span style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;float:none;display:inline!important">:</span><br style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px">
                  <br style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px">
                  <blockquote id="m_7341566788113413757mail-app-auto-quote" style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;border-left-color:rgb(133,175,49);margin:0px 0px 0px 10px;padding:0px 0px 0px 10px">
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                              <p><font face="Times New
                                  Roman" size="4">Dear FIS colleagues,</font></p>
                              <p><font face="Times New
                                  Roman" size="4">I think, it is needed
                                  to put discussion on mathematical
                                  foundation. Let me remember that:</font></p>
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                              <p><font face="Times New
                                  Roman"><font size="4">The<span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Borsuk–Ulam theorem</b><span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span>(BUT),
                                    states that every<span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span></font><a title="Continuous function"><strong><font size="4">continuous
                                        function</font></strong></a><font size="4"><span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span>from
                                    an<span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span></font><a title="N-sphere"><font size="4"><i>n</i>-sphere</font></a><font size="4"><span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span>into<span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span></font><a title="Euclidean space"><strong><font size="4">Euclidean<span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>n</i>-<wbr>space</font></strong></a><font size="4"><span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span>maps
                                    some pair of<span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span></font><a title="Antipodal point"><font size="4">antipodal points</font></a><font size="4"><span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span>to
                                    the same point.<span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span></font></font></p>
                              <p><font face="Times New
                                  Roman" size="4">Here, two points on a
                                  sphere are called antipodal if they
                                  are in exactly opposite directions
                                  from the sphere's center.</font></p>
                              <p><font face="Times New
                                  Roman" size="4">Formally:<span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>if</strong><span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span><span></span><strong>is</strong><span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>continuous</strong><span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span>the<wbr>n
                                  there exists an<span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span><span></span>such that:<span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span><span></span>.</font></p>
                              <p><font face="Times New
                                  Roman" size="4">[<span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span></font><a title="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsuk%E2%80%93Ulam_theorem" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsuk%E2%80%93Ulam_theorem" target="_blank"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">https://en.wikipedia.org/<wbr>wiki/Borsuk%E2%80%93Ulam_<wbr>theorem</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span>]<span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span></font></p>
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                              <p><font face="Times New
                                  Roman"><font size="4">Who may
                                    proof that consciousness is a <span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span></font><a title="Continuous function"><font size="4"><strong>continuous
                                        function</strong></font></a><font size="4"><span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span>from
                                    reflected reality ???</font></font></p>
                              <p><font face="Times New
                                  Roman"><font size="4">Who may
                                    proof that consciousness is an<span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span></font><a title="Euclidean space"><font size="4"><strong>Euclidean<span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>n</i>-space</strong></font></a><font size="4"><span class="m_7341566788113413757Apple-converted-space"> </span>???</font></font></p>
                              <p><font face="Times New
                                  Roman" size="4">After proving these
                                  statements we may think further.</font></p>
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                              </div>
                              <p><font face="Times New
                                  Roman" size="4">Yes, discussion is
                                  interesting but, I am afraid, it is
                                  not so scientific.</font></p>
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                              </div>
                              <p><font face="Times New
                                  Roman" size="4">Friendly regards</font></p>
                              <p><font face="Times New
                                  Roman" size="4">Krassimir</font></p>
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                              </div>
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                  </blockquote>
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