<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Bravo Arturo - I totally agree - in a paper I co-authored with Stuart Kauffman and others we talked abut the relativity of <br class=""><div class="">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; border-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; border-spacing: 0px;"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">information and the fact that information is not an absolute. Here is the abstract of the paper and an excerpt from the paper that discusses the relativity of information. The full papers available at: <a href="https://www.academia.edu/783503/Propagating_organization_an_enquiry" class="">https://www.academia.edu/783503/Propagating_organization_an_enquiry</a></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Best wishes - Bob Logan</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">
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<!--StartFragment--><p class="Body" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="">Kauffman,
Stuart, Robert K. Logan, Robert Este, Randy Goebel, David Hobill and Ilya
Smulevich. 2007. Propagating Organization: An Inquiry. Biology and Philosophy
23: 27-45.</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;color:windowtext" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="Body" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Calibri; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=""> <b class="">Propagating Organization: An Enquiry - </b></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Calibri; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-align: center;" class="">Stuart Kauffman, </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Calibri; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-align: center;" class="">Robert K. Logan, </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Calibri; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-align: center;" class="">Robert Este, </span><span style="text-align: center;" class=""><font color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" face="Calibri" class="">Randy </font><font face="Calibri" class="">Goebel, </font></span><span style="text-align: center;" class=""><font color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" face="Calibri" class="">David </font><font face="Calibri" class="">Hobill and l</font></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Calibri;" class="">Ilya Shmulevich</span></p><p class="Body" align="center" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:
Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
color:windowtext" class="">Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle Washington<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="Body" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;color:windowtext" class=""> </span><b style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" class=""><span style="font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="">Abstract: </span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: -webkit-auto;" class="">Our aim in
this article is to attempt to discuss propagating organization of process, a
poorly articulated union of matter, energy, work, constraints and that vexed
concept, “information”, which unite in far from equilibrium living physical
systems. Our hope is to stimulate discussions by philosophers of biology and
biologists to further clarify the concepts we discuss here. We place our
discussion in the broad context of a “general biology”, properties that might
well be found in life anywhere in the cosmos, freed from the specific examples
of terrestrial life after 3.8 billion years of evolution. By placing the
discussion in this wider, if still hypothetical, context, we also try to place
in context some of the extant discussion of information as intimately related
to DNA, RNA and protein transcription and translation processes. While
characteristic of current terrestrial life, there are no compelling grounds to
suppose the same mechanisms would be involved in any life form able to evolve
by heritable variation and natural selection. In turn, this allows us to
discuss at least briefly, the focus of much of the philosophy of biology on
population genetics, which, of course, assumes DNA, RNA, proteins, and other
features of terrestrial life. Presumably, evolution by natural selection – and
perhaps self-organization - could occur on many worlds via different causal
mechanisms.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="">Here we seek
a non-reductionist explanation for the synthesis, accumulation, and propagation
of information, work, and constraint, which we hope will provide some insight
into both the biotic and abiotic universe, in terms of both molecular self
reproduction and the basic work energy cycle where work is the constrained
release of energy into a few degrees of freedom. The typical requirement for
work itself is to construct those very constraints on the release of energy
that then constitute further work. Information creation, we argue, arises in
two ways: first information as natural selection assembling the very
constraints on the release of energy that then constitutes work and the
propagation of organization. Second, information in a more extended sense is
“semiotic”, that is <i class="">about</i> the world
or internal state of the organism and requires appropriate response. The idea
is to combine ideas from biology, physics, and computer science, to formulate
explanatory hypotheses on how information can be captured and rendered in the
expected physical manifestation, which can then participate in the propagation
of the organization of process in the expected biological work cycles to create
the diversity in our observable biosphere.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: -webkit-auto;" class="">Our
conclusions, to date, of this enquiry suggest a foundation which views
information as the construction of constraints, which, in their physical
manifestation, partially underlie the processes of evolution to dynamically
determine the fitness of organisms within the context of a biotic universe.</span></p>
<!--EndFragment--></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<!--StartFragment--><p class="MsoNormal"><b class=""><span style="font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-latin" class="">Section 4. The Relativity of Information<o:p class=""></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin" class=""> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: -webkit-auto;" class="">In Sections 2 we have argued that the Shannon
conception of information are not directly suited to describe the information
of autonomous agents that propagate their organization. In Section 3 we have
defined a new form of information, instructional or biotic information as the
constraints that direct the flow of free energy to do work.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="">The reader may legitimately ask the question
“isn’t information just information?”, i.e., an invariant like the speed of
light. Our response to this question is <u class="">no</u>, and to then clarify what
seems arbitrary about the definition of information. Instructional or biotic
information is a useful definition for biotic systems just as Shannon
information was useful for telecommunication channel engineering, and
Kolmogorov (Shiryayev 1993) information was useful for the study of information
compression with respect to Turing machines.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: -webkit-auto;" class="">The definition of information is relative and
depends on the context in which it is to be considered. There appears to be no
such thing as absolute information that is an invariant that applies to all
circumstances. Just as Shannon defined information in such a way as to
understand the engineering of telecommunication channels, our definition of
instructional or biotic information best describes the interaction and
evolution of biological systems and the propagation of organization.
Information is a tool and as such it comes in different forms. We therefore
would like to suggest that information is not an invariant but rather a
quantity that is relative to the environment in which it operates. It is also
the case that the information in a system or structure is not an intrinsic
property of that system or structure; rather it is sensitive to history and
environment. To drive home this point we will now examine the historic context
in which Shannon (1948) information emerged.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: -webkit-auto;" class="">Before delving into the origin of Shannon
information we will first examine the relationship of information and materiality.
Information is about material things and furthermore is instantiated in
material things but is not material itself. Information is an abstraction we
use to describe the behavior of material things and often is thought as
something that controls, in the cybernetic sense, material things. So what do
we mean when we say the constraints are information and information is
constraints as we did in Section 3.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: -webkit-auto;" class="">“The constraints are information” is a way to
describe the limits on the behavior of an autonomous agent who acts on its own
behalf but is nevertheless constrained by the internal logic that allows it to
propagate its organization. This is consistent with Hayle’s (1999, p. 72)
description of the way information is regarded by information science: “It
constructs information as the site of mastery and control over the material
world.” She claims, and we concur, that information science treats information
as separate from the material base in which it is instantiated. This suggests
that there is nothing intrinsic about information but rather it is merely a
description of or a metaphor for the complex patterns of behavior of material
things. In fact, the key is to what degree information is a completely vivid
description of the objects in question.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: -webkit-auto;" class="">This understanding of the nature of
information arises from Shannon’s (1948) original formulation of information,
dating back to his original paper:</span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 18pt 0.0001pt;" class=""><span style="font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="">The
fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing at one point either
exactly or approximately a message selected at another point. Frequently the
messages have meaning; that is they refer to or are correlated according to
some system with certain physical or conceptual entities. These semantic
aspects of communication are irrelevant to the engineering problem. The
significant aspect is that the actual message is one selected from a set of
possible messages. The system must be designed to operate for each possible
selection, not just the one that will actually be chosen since this is unknown
at the time of design. If the number of messages in the set is finite then this
number or any monotonic function of this number can be regarded as a measure of
the information produced when one message is chosen from the set, all choices
being equally likely.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin" class=""> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: -webkit-auto;" class="">A number of problems for biology emerge from
this view of information. The first is that the number of possible messages is
not finite because we are not able to prestate all possible preadaptations from
which a particular message can be selected and therefore the Shannon measure
breaks down. Another problem is that for Shannon the semantics or meaning of
the message does not matter, whereas in biology the opposite is true. Biotic
agents have purpose and hence meaning.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: -webkit-auto;" class="">The third problem is that Shannon information
is defined independent of the medium of its instantiation. This independence of
the medium is at the heart of a strong AI approach in which it is claimed that
human intelligence does not require a wet computer, the brain, to operate but
can be instantiated onto a silicon-based computer. In the biosphere, however,
one cannot separate the information from the material in which it is
instantiated. The DNA is not a sign for something else it is the actual thing
in itself, which regulates other genes, generates messenger RNA, which in turn
control the production of proteins. Information on a computer or a
telecommunication device can slide from one computer or device to another and
then via a printer to paper and not really change, McLuhan’s “the medium is the
message” aside. This is not true of living things. The same genotype does not
always produce the same phenotype.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: -webkit-auto;" class="">According to the Shannon definition of
information, a structured set of numbers like the set of even numbers has less
information than a set of random numbers because one can predict the sequence
of even numbers. By this argument, a random soup of organic chemicals has more
information that a structured biotic agent. The biotic agent has more meaning
than the soup, however. The living organism with more structure and more
organization has less Shannon information. This is counterintuitive to a
biologist’s understanding of a living organism. We therefore conclude that the
use of Shannon information to describe a biotic system would not be valid.
Shannon information for a biotic system is simply a category error.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: -webkit-auto;" class="">A living organism has meaning because it is
an autonomous agent acting on its own behalf. A random soup of organic
chemicals has no meaning and no organization. We may therefore conclude that a
central feature of life is organization—organization that propagates.</span></p>
<!--EndFragment--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;"><br class=""></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; " class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; " class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; 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-webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; " class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; " class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; " class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><div class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; " class=""><div class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; ">______________________</span></div></div></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-size: 12px;"><div class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; "><br class=""></span></div>Robert K. Logan</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border-collapse: separate; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; border-spacing: 0px;"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; " class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; " class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; " class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; ">Prof. Emeritus - Physics - U. of Toronto </span><div class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; ">Fellow University of St. Michael's College</span></div><div class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; ">Chief Scientist - sLab at OCAD</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; " class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; " class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; "><a href="http://utoronto.academia.edu/RobertKLogan" class="">http://utoronto.academia.edu/RobertKLogan</a></span><div style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; " class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; "><a href="http://www.physics.utoronto.ca/Members/logan" class="">www.physics.utoronto.ca/Members/logan</a></span></div><div class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; "><a href="http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Logan5/publications" class="">www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Logan5/publications</a></span><br class=""><div style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; " class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; " class=""><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div></span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div></div></span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div></span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div></div></span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div></span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div></span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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<br class=""><div><div class="">On Dec 11, 2016, at 10:57 AM, <a href="mailto:tozziarturo@libero.it" class="">tozziarturo@libero.it</a> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div class=""><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify"><br class=""></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US" class="">Dear FISers, <o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US" class="">I know that some of you are going to kill me, but there’s something
that I must confess. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US" class="">I notice, from the nice issued raised by Francesco Rizzo, Joseph
Brenner, John Collier, that the main concerns are always energetic/informational
arguments and accounts. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US" class="">Indeed, the current tenets state that all is information, information being a
real quantity that can be measured through informational entropies.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US" class="">But… I ask to myself, is such a tenet true?<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US" class="">When I cook the pasta, I realize that, by my point of view, the cooked
pasta encompasses more information than the not-cooked one, because it acquires
the role of something that I can eat in order to increase my possibility to
preserve myself in the hostile environment that wants to destroy me. However, by the point of view of the bug who
eats the non-cooked pasta, my cooked pasta displays less information for
sure. Therefore, information is a very
subjective measure that, apart from its relationship with the observer, does
not mean very much… Who can state that
an event or a fact displays more information than another one?<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US" class="">And, please, do not counteract that information is a quantifiable,
objective reality, because it can be measured through informational entropy…
Informational entropy, in its original Shannon’s formulation, stands for an ergodic
process (page 8 of the original 1948 Shannon’s seminal paper), i.e.: every sequence
produced by the processes is the same in statistical properties, or, in other
words, a traveling particle always crosses all the points of its phase space. However, in physics and biology, the facts and
events are never ergodic. Statistical
homogeneity is just a fiction, if we evaluate the world around us and our brain/mind. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US" class="">Therefore, the role of information could not be as fundamental as
currently believed. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US" class="">P.S.: topology analyzes information by another point of view, but it’s an issue for
the next time, I think…<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></p><br class=""><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto;text-align:justify;
line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; text-align: start;" class=""><font face="courier new, monospace" class=""><b class="">Arturo Tozzi</b></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto;text-align:justify;
line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="line-height: 115%;" class=""><font face="courier new, monospace" class="">AA Professor Physics, University North Texas</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto;text-align:justify;
line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; text-align: start;" class=""><font face="courier new, monospace" class="">Pediatrician ASL Na2Nord, Italy</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto;text-align:justify;
line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; text-align: start;" class=""><font face="courier new, monospace" class="">Comput Intell Lab, University Manitoba</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto;text-align:justify;
line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><font face="courier new, monospace" class=""><a href="http://arturotozzi.webnode.it/" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(5, 68, 126); line-height: normal; text-align: start;" class="">http://arturotozzi.webnode.it/</a><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; text-align: start;" class=""> </span></font><br class=""></p></div><br class="">_______________________________________________<br class="">Fis mailing list<br class=""><a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" class="">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br class="">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis<br class=""></div></div><br class=""></body></html>