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Da: <a href="mailto:tozziarturo@libero.it">tozziarturo@libero.it</a>
A: <a href="mailto:pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es">pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es</a>
Data: mercoledì, 30 novembre 2016, 09:52AM +01:00
Oggetto: Response to Jerry LR Chandler<br><br><blockquote id="mail-app-auto-quote" style="border-left:1px solid #85AF31; margin:0px 0px 0px 10px; padding:0px 0px 0px 10px;" cite="14804959610000006340">
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<div>Dear Pedro, </div><div>here you are!</div><div>I tried 4 times to submit this comment. </div><div>Ciao, and thanks!</div><blockquote>
<div><br></div><blockquote><br><blockquote style="border-left:1px solid #85AF31;margin:0px 0px 0px 10px;padding:0px 0px 0px 10px;" cite="14803222750000006321">
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<div ><div><p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Dear Jerry,</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Thanks for
the intriguing questions!</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">I thank our guest,
Pedro Marijuan, for giving us the
opportunity to talk with such high-ranked scientists. </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:'Arial',sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> Let’s start!</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:'Arial',sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The questions raised in this post are highly
provocative. From the perspective of physical phenomenology, it is
necessary to identify corresponding illations between the electric fields of
brain dynamics (such as EEG patterns) and the mathematics of electric fields /
electro-magnetism. It goes without
saying that such correspondences must associate the measured quantities with
the theoretical quantities. In other words, the units of measurements of
“brain activity" should be associated with Maxwell’s equations.</span></i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:'Arial',sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:'Arial',sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Are we
really sure that this proposition is true?
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;letter-spacing:.1pt;background:#FCFCFC;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">How does
central nervous system process information? Current theories are based on two
tenets: (a) information is transmitted by action potentials, the language by
which neurons communicate with each other—and (b) homogeneous neuronal
assemblies of cortical circuits operate on these neuronal messages where the
operations are characterized by the intrinsic connectivity among neuronal
populations. In this view, the size and time course of any spike is stereotypic
and the information is restricted to the temporal sequence of the spikes;
namely, the “neural code”. However, an increasing amount of novel data point
towards an alternative hypothesis: (a) the role of neural code in information
processing is overemphasized. Instead of simply passing messages, action potentials
play a role in dynamic coordination at multiple spatial and temporal scales,
establishing network interactions across several levels of a hierarchical
modular architecture, modulating and regulating the propagation of neuronal
messages. (b) Information is processed at all levels of neuronal infrastructure
from macromolecules to population dynamics. For example, intra-neuronal
(changes in protein conformation, concentration and synthesis) and
extra-neuronal factors (extracellular proteolysis, substrate patterning, myelin
plasticity, microbes, metabolic status) can have a profound effect on neuronal
computations. This means molecular message passing may have cognitive
connotations. This essay introduces the concept of “supramolecular chemistry”,
involving the storage of information at the molecular level and its retrieval,
transfer and processing at the supramolecular level, through transitory
non-covalent molecular processes that are self-organized, self-assembled and
dynamic. Finally, we note that the cortex comprises extremely heterogeneous
cells, with distinct regional variations, macromolecular assembly, receptor
repertoire and intrinsic microcircuitry. This suggests that every neuron (or
group of neurons) embodies different molecular information that hands an
operational effect on neuronal computation.</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">For further
details, see: </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11571-015-9337-1" target="_blank">http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11571-015-9337-1</a></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:'Arial',sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:'Arial',sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> In the philosophy of science, this is the basic
distinction between traditional mathematical narratives as pure abstractions
and APPLIED mathematical theories of explanations of scientific facts. </span></i></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Pursuing Quine’s
naturalized epistemology, we are aware that we need to make testable
previsions, in order to “link” mathematical theories with explanations of
scientific facts. This is exactly what
we (try to) do. </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The best
example is the following, that shows how a novel approach might lead to
unpredictable testable results: </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;letter-spacing:.1pt;background:#FCFCFC;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Current
advances in neurosciences deal with the functional architecture of the central
nervous system, paving the way for general theories that improve our
understanding of brain activity. From topology, a strong concept comes into
play in understanding brain functions, namely, the 4D space of a “hypersphere’s
torus”, undetectable by observers living in a 3D world. The torus may be compared
with a video game with biplanes in aerial combat: when a biplane flies off one
edge of gaming display, it does not crash but rather it comes back from the
opposite edge of the screen. Our thoughts exhibit similar behaviour, i.e. the
unique ability to connect past, present and future events in a single, coherent
picture as if we were allowed to watch the three screens of past-present-future
“glued” together in a mental kaleidoscope. Here we hypothesize that brain
functions are embedded in a imperceptible fourth spatial dimension and propose
a method to empirically assess its presence. Neuroimaging fMRI series can be
evaluated, looking for the topological hallmark of the presence of a fourth
dimension. Indeed, there is a typical feature which reveal the existence of a
functional hypersphere: the simultaneous activation of areas opposite each
other on the 3D cortical surface. Our suggestion—substantiated by recent
findings—that brain activity takes place on a closed, donut-like trajectory
helps to solve long-standing mysteries concerning our psychological activities,
such as mind-wandering, memory retrieval, consciousness and dreaming state.</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">For further
details, see: </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11571-016-9379-z" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext">http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11571-016-9379-z</span></a></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">We puzzled
the neuroscientific community, giving rise to a hot debate: </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/neuroskeptic/2016/06/11/the-four-dimensional-brain/#.WDvjihrhCUm" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/neuroskeptic/2016/06/11/the-four-dimensional-brain/#.WDvjihrhCUm</span></a></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Until we
found the smoking gun: </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;">We introduce a novel method for the
measurement of information in fMRI neuroimages, i.e., nucleus clustering's
Renyi entropy derived from strong proximities in feature-based Voronoi
tessellations, e.g., maximal nucleus clustering (MNC). We show how MNC is a
novel, fast and inexpensive image-analysis technique, independent from the
standard blood-oxygen-level dependent signals, which facilitates the objective
detection of hidden temporal patterns of entropy/information in zones of fMRI
images generally not taken into account by the subjective standpoint of the
observer. In order to evaluate the potential applications of MNC, we looked for
the presence of a fourth dimension's distinctive hallmarks in a temporal
sequence of 2D images taken during spontaneous brain activity. Indeed, recent
findings suggest that several brain activities, such as mind-wandering and
memory retrieval, might take place in the functional space of a four
dimensional hypersphere, which is a double donut-like structure undetectable in
the usual three dimensions. We found that the Renyi entropy is higher in MNC
areas than in the surrounding ones, and that these temporal patterns closely
resemble the trajectories predicted by the possible presence of a hypersphere
in the brain.</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">For further
details, see (this manuscript is not yet published, but it is in advanced
review): </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><a href="http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/08/30/072397" target="_blank">http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/08/30/072397</a></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:'Arial',sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span></i></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:justify;line-height:normal"><i><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:'Helvetica',sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span></i></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:justify;line-height:normal"><b><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Concernig your answers to our
questions, I may summarize our response in this way: </span></i></b></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:justify;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">A</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">s we stated above, the bipolarity of
electrical particles is just one one the countless functional phenomena
occurring in the brain. See, for
example, our still unpublished manuscript, where we </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;">assess cortical activity in terms of McKean-Vlasov
equations, derived from the classical Vlasov equations for plasma</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">: </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><a href="http://vixra.org/abs/1610.0014" target="_blank">http://vixra.org/abs/1610.0014</a></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">From a
philosophical point of view, we pursue the William Bechtel’s approach of a
mechanistic explanation in psychology, that goes from reduction back to higher
levels. </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09515080903238948" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09515080903238948</span></a></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Becthel
states that </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">the components of a mechanism interact in complex ways
involving positive and negative feedback and that the organization often
exhibits highly interactive local networks linked by a few long-range
connections (small-worlds organization) and power law distributions of
connections.</span> This means that, when
looking down is combined with looking around and up, mechanistic research
results in an integrated, multi-level perspective. </p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">But the main question here is: </span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">w</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">hat does a topologic reformulation add in the </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">evaluation of the nervous processes?
BUT and its extensions provide a methodological approach which makes it
possible for us to study experience in terms of projections from real to
abstract phase spaces. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">The importance of projections between environmental
spaces, where objects lie, and brain phase spaces, where mental operations take
place, is also suggested by a recent paper, which provides a rigorous way of
measuring distance on concave neural manifolds (<a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002400" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002400</a>). The </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">real, measurable
nervous activity can be described in terms of paths occurring on n-spheres. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">It leads </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">to a consideration
of affinities among nervous signals, characterized as antipodal points on
multi-dimensional spheres embedded in abstract spaces. To provide an example, embedding brain
activities in n-spheres allows the quantification of geometric parameters, such
as angles, lengths, and so on, that </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">could be useful in neuroimaging data optimization. BUT
and its </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">ingredients
can be modified in different guises, in order to assess a wide range of </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">nervous functions. Although this field is nearly novel and still
in progress, with several unpublished findings, we may provide some examples</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">. Such a methodological approach
has been proved useful in the evaluation of brain symmetries, which allow us to
perform coarse- or fine-grained evaluation of fMRI images and to assess the
relationships, affinities, shape-deformations and closeness among BOLD activated
areas (<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jnr.23720/abstract" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jnr.23720/abstract</a>). </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Further, BUT
has been proved useful in the evaluation of cortical histological images previoulsy
treated with Voronoi tessellation (<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394016301999" target="_blank">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394016301999</a>).<i></i></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">A wide range of brain dynamics, ranging from neuronal membrane activity
to spikes, from seizures to spreading depression, lie along a continuum of the
repertoire of the neuronal nonlinear activities which may be of substantial
importance in enabling our understanding of central nervous system function and
in the control of pathological neurological states. Nonlinear dynamics are frequently studied
through logistic maps equipped with Hopf bifurcations, where intervals are
dictated by Feigenbaum constants. Tozzi
and Peters (2016, quoted above) introduced an approach that offers an
explanation of </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">nervous </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">nonlinearity</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> and </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Hopf bifurcations in terms of algebraic topology. </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Hopf bifurcation </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">transformations
(the antipodal points) </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">can be described as paths or trajectories on abstract
spheres embedded in n-spheres where n stands for </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">the Feigenbaum constant’s irrational number</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">.</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> Although the paper takes into account just </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Hopf
bifurcations among the brain nonlinear dynamics, this is however a starting
point towards the “linearization” of other nonlinear dynamics in the
brain. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">In sum, BUT makes it possible for us to evaluate nonlinear brain
dynamics, which occur during knowledge acquisition and processing, through much
simpler linear techniques. </span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:IT"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">BUT and its variants are not just a <i>methodological</i>
approach, but also display a <i>physical</i>,
quantifiable counterpart. To make an
example, although anatomical and functional relationships among cortical
structures are fruitfully studied, <i>e.g.</i>,
in terms of dynamic causal modelling, pairwise entropies and temporal-matching
oscillations, nevertheless <i>proximity</i>
among brain signals adds information that has the potential to be
operationalized. For example, based on the ubiquitous presence of antipodal cortical
zones with co-occuring BOLD activation, it has been recently suggested that
spontaneous brain activity might display donut-like trajectories (Tozzi and
Peters 2016, see above).</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">BUT allows the evaluation of energetic nervous requirements
too. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">There exists a physical link between
the </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">two spheres <i>S<sup>n</sup></i>
and <i>S<sup>n-1 </sup></i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">and </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">their energetic features. When </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">two
antipodal functions </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">a</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> n-sphere </span><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">S<sup>n</sup></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">, standing for symmetries,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">project to a
<i>n</i>-Euclidean manifold (where </span><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">S<sup>n-1</sup></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> lies), a
single function is achieved and a symmetry break occurs (Tozzi and Peters 2016,
see above). It is known that a decrease in symmetry goes together with a
decrease in entropy. It means that the
single mapping function on </span><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">S<sup>n-1 </sup></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">displays energy parameters lower than the sum of two
corresponding antipodal functions on </span><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">S<sup>n</sup></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">. Therefore, in
the system </span><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">S<sup>n</sup></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> and </span><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">S<sup>n-1</sup></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">, a decrease
in dimensions gives rise to a decrease in energy. We achieve a system in which the energetic
changes do not depend anymore on thermodynamic parameters, but rather on affine
connections, homotopies and continuous functions. A preliminary example is provided by a
recent paper, where BUT allows the </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">detection of Bayesian Kullback-Leibler divergence </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">during unsure perception </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">(Tozzi and Peters, 2016, see above)</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">. Therefore, paraphrasing what you
stated, t</span><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">he meaning specified by the mathematical symbol IS the
meaning specified by a physical symbol, </span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">at least in our BUT case.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Concerning the a priori Kantian notions (not just of space and time!),
the most successful current neuroscientific approaches are framed exactly on…
Kantian a priori! See: </span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnsys.2016.00079/full" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnsys.2016.00079/full</span></a></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The paper says: “<span style="background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;">Predictive processing
(PP) is a paradigm in computational and cognitive neuroscience that has
recently attracted significant attention across domains, including psychology,
robotics, artificial intelligence and philosophy. It is often regarded as a
fresh and possibly revolutionary paradigm shift, yet a handful of authors have
remarked that aspects of PP seem reminiscent of the work of 18th century
philosopher Immanuel Kant.<span>”</span></span> <b></b></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">In such a context, a phrase of yours is very important: “</span><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height: 107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Perhaps this premise rests on the a priori Kantian
notions of space and time rather than the systematic categories of Aristotelian
causality”. </span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Therefore,
your premise (e.g., the systematic
categories of Aristotelian causality) is as questionable as a Kantian
approach, or every other… All of us are just playing Wittgenstein’s linguistic
jokes. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US"></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span></i></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Another
example:<i> “Given the theory of quantum
mechanics and the critical role that angular momenta play in the organization
of brain dynamics, I would conjecture that it is conceivable that
electro-dynamic equations akin to Feynman diagrams are needed to quantify brain
phenomenon”. </i></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">This is another
linguistic joke. Nobody ever demonstrated
that the brain works with quantum mechanics and that angular momenta play a
role in the organization of brain dynamics! To be honest, we published on BUT and quantum
mechanics (<a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10773-016-2998-7" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext">http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10773-016-2998-7</span></a>),
therefore we were tempted to use such kind approaches for our brain models. However, in this case, a quantistic brain it
is not a falsifiable theory at all. And
despite Lakatos’ disruption of Popper’s falsifiability, I still think, in
another linguistic joke, that a theory needs to be falsifiable… </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Thanks a
lot!</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Ciao!</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> </span></p><p style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto;text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 14px;line-height: normal;text-align: start;"><font face="courier new, monospace"><b>Arturo Tozzi</b></font></span></p><p style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto;text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><font face="courier new, monospace">AA Professor Physics, University North Texas</font></span></p><p style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto;text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 14px;line-height: normal;text-align: start;"><font face="courier new, monospace">Pediatrician ASL Na2Nord, Italy</font></span></p><p style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto;text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size: 14px;line-height: normal;text-align: start;"><font face="courier new, monospace">Comput Intell Lab, University Manitoba</font></span></p><p style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto;text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><font face="courier new, monospace"><a href="http://arturotozzi.webnode.it/" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(5, 68, 126);line-height: normal;text-align: start;" target="_blank">http://arturotozzi.webnode.it/</a><span style="font-size: 14px;line-height: normal;text-align: start;"> </span></font><br></p></div><br>
<br>
<blockquote>
----Messaggio originale----<br>
Da: "Jerry LR Chandler" <<a target="_blank" >jerry_lr_chandler@mac.com</a>><br>
Data: 28/11/2016 5.35<br>
A: "FIS Webinar"<<a target="_blank" >fis@listas.unizar.es</a>><br>
Cc: <<a target="_blank" >tozziarturo@libero.it</a>><br>
Ogg: Physical Phenomenology and Forms of Information Re: [Fis] NEW DISCUSSION SESSION--TOPOLOGICAL BRAIN.<br>
<br>
FIS Colleagues:<div><br></div><div>The questions raised in this post are highly provocative. From the perspective of physical phenomenology, it is necessary to identify corresponding illations between the electric fields of brain dynamics (such as EEG patterns) and the mathematics of electric fields / electro-magnetism. It goes without saying that such correspondences must associate the measured quantities with the theoretical quantities. In other words, the units of measurements of “brain activity" should be associated with Maxwell’s equations. In the philosophy of science, this is the basic distinction between traditional mathematical narratives as pure abstractions and APPLIED mathematical theories of explanations of scientific facts. </div><div><br></div><div>My responds to these questions are based on the propositional functions and the formation operators of applied (organic) mathematics. <br><div><blockquote type="cite"><blockquote cite="x-msg://16/14798841180000006279" style="font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 18px;font-style: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: normal;letter-spacing: normal;orphans: auto;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: auto;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;border-left-width: 1px;border-left-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(133, 175, 49);margin: 0px 0px 0px 10px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;"><div><div><div><blockquote><blockquote cite="mid:819013414.1277241479828054774.JavaMail.httpd@webmail-09.iol.local" type="cite"><div><font size="4"><br></font></div><div><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="line-height: 19.260000228881836px;"><font size="4">TOPOLOGY AND BRAIN FUNCTION</font></span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="line-height: 19.260000228881836px;"><font size="4"><br></font></span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="line-height: 19.260000228881836px;"><font size="4">Arturo Tozzi<span> </span></font></span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 19.260000228881836px;"><font size="4">Center for Nonlinear Science, University of North Texas</font></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IT" style="line-height: 19.260000228881836px;"><font size="4">1155 Union Circle, #311427</font></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IT" style="line-height: 19.260000228881836px;"><font size="4">Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA, and</font></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IT" style="line-height: 19.260000228881836px;"><a target="_blank"><font size="4">tozziarturo@libero.it</font></a></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="line-height: 19.260000228881836px;"><font size="4">James F. Peters</font></span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 19.260000228881836px;"><font size="4">Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba</font></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><font size="4"><span style="line-height: 23.11199951171875px;">75A Chancellor</span><span style="line-height: 23.11199951171875px;">’</span><span style="line-height: 23.11199951171875px;">s Circle, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6</span></font></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 19.260000228881836px;"><font size="4"><a target="_blank">james.peters3@umanitoba.ca</a></font></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="line-height: 19.260000228881836px;"><font size="4">Questions.</font></span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><font size="4">1)<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span> </span></span>Could we use projections and mappings, in order to describe brain activity?</font></p><div><br></div></div></blockquote></blockquote></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote>JLRC A propositional function is needed to associate the logic of the theorem with the physical phenomenology of brain activity. The bi-polarity of electrical particles that generate brain function make this task extra-ordinarily unlikely.<div><br></div><blockquote type="cite"><blockquote cite="x-msg://16/14798841180000006279" style="font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 18px;font-style: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: normal;letter-spacing: normal;orphans: auto;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: auto;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;border-left-width: 1px;border-left-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(133, 175, 49);margin: 0px 0px 0px 10px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;"><div><div><div><blockquote><blockquote cite="mid:819013414.1277241479828054774.JavaMail.httpd@webmail-09.iol.local" type="cite"><div><div>What</div></div></blockquote></blockquote></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><blockquote cite="x-msg://16/14798841180000006279" style="font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 18px;font-style: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: normal;letter-spacing: normal;orphans: auto;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: auto;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;border-left-width: 1px;border-left-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(133, 175, 49);margin: 0px 0px 0px 10px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;"><div><div><div><blockquote><blockquote cite="mid:819013414.1277241479828054774.JavaMail.httpd@webmail-09.iol.local" type="cite"><div><p style="text-align: justify;"><font size="4">2)<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span> </span></span>Is such a topological approach linked with previous claims of old “epistemologists” of recent “neuro-philosophers”?</font></p><div><br></div></div></blockquote></blockquote></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote>JLRC This question is not scientifically meaningful to me. But, see my comment on physical Kantianism below.<br><div><br></div><blockquote type="cite"><blockquote cite="x-msg://16/14798841180000006279" style="font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 18px;font-style: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: normal;letter-spacing: normal;orphans: auto;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: auto;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;border-left-width: 1px;border-left-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(133, 175, 49);margin: 0px 0px 0px 10px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;"><div><div><div><blockquote><blockquote cite="mid:819013414.1277241479828054774.JavaMail.httpd@webmail-09.iol.local" type="cite"><div><p style="text-align: justify;"><font size="4">3)<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span> </span></span>Is such a topological approach linked with current neuroscientific models?</font></p><div><br></div></div></blockquote></blockquote></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote>JLRC<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>No. present-day neuroscientific models are all based on electrical particles and organized collections of electrical particles. <div><br></div><blockquote type="cite"><blockquote cite="x-msg://16/14798841180000006279" style="font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 18px;font-style: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: normal;letter-spacing: normal;orphans: auto;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: auto;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;border-left-width: 1px;border-left-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(133, 175, 49);margin: 0px 0px 0px 10px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;"><div><div><div><blockquote><blockquote cite="mid:819013414.1277241479828054774.JavaMail.httpd@webmail-09.iol.local" type="cite"><div><p style="text-align: justify;"><font size="4">4)<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span> </span></span>The BUT and its variants display four ingredients, e.g., a continuous function, antipodal points, changes of dimensions and the possibility of types of dimensions other than the spatial ones. Is it feasible to assess brain function in terms of BUT and its variants?</font></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p></div></blockquote></blockquote></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote>JLRC<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>I do not find a propositional function in this interrogative, so I respond in the negative. Physical phenomenology associated with brain dynamics are discrete physical events, such as ion transport and neuronal firings. But, of course, if anyone can find a way to associate continuous topological spaces with quantum electro-dynamics of angular momentum necessary for brain activity, then I would retract my opinion.<div><br></div><blockquote type="cite"><blockquote cite="x-msg://16/14798841180000006279" style="font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 18px;font-style: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: normal;letter-spacing: normal;orphans: auto;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: auto;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;border-left-width: 1px;border-left-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(133, 175, 49);margin: 0px 0px 0px 10px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;"><div><div><div><blockquote><blockquote cite="mid:819013414.1277241479828054774.JavaMail.httpd@webmail-09.iol.local" type="cite"><div><p style="text-align: justify;"><font size="4">5)<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span> </span></span>How to operationalize the procedures?</font></p><div><br></div></div></blockquote></blockquote></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote>JLRC: Current theories of neuronal activity consists of several logical forms of physical sublations from the electrical particles to the mereological propositional functions of the whole. Which physical phenomena is the theory seeking to “operationalize”?<div><br></div><blockquote type="cite"><blockquote cite="x-msg://16/14798841180000006279" style="font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 18px;font-style: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: normal;letter-spacing: normal;orphans: auto;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: auto;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;border-left-width: 1px;border-left-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(133, 175, 49);margin: 0px 0px 0px 10px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;"><div><div><div><blockquote><blockquote cite="mid:819013414.1277241479828054774.JavaMail.httpd@webmail-09.iol.local" type="cite"><div><p style="text-align: justify;"><font size="4">6)<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span> </span></span>Is it possible to build a general topological theory of the brain?</font></p><div><br></div></div></blockquote></blockquote></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote>JLRC Of course it is. It is just mathematics. One such general mathematical model was published and it appears to be mathematically sound. The [FIS] informational challenge is find correspondence relations between mathematical symbols and physical symbols such that the mathematical theory can be tested. The scientific challenge is to find causal pathways for physical phenomena, whatever the mathematical structure of the theory is. </div><div><blockquote type="cite"><blockquote cite="x-msg://16/14798841180000006279" style="font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 18px;font-style: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: normal;letter-spacing: normal;orphans: auto;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: auto;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;border-left-width: 1px;border-left-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(133, 175, 49);margin: 0px 0px 0px 10px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;"><div><div><div><blockquote><blockquote cite="mid:819013414.1277241479828054774.JavaMail.httpd@webmail-09.iol.local" type="cite"><div><p style="text-align: justify;"><font size="4">7)<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span> </span></span>Our “from afar” approach takes into account the dictates of far-flung branches, from mathematics to physics, from algebraic topology, to neuroscience. Do you think that such broad multidisciplinary tactics could be the key able to unlock the mysteries of the brain, or do you think that more specific and “on focus” approaches could give us more chances?<span> </span></font></p><div><br></div></div></blockquote></blockquote></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote>JLRC: Perhaps the term “consciousness” should be substituted for the word “brain”? Extensive biological knowledge of information processing in brains from organisms with only a few neurons to very large organisms with upward of ten to the ninth neurons exists. This information is generated from physical measurements. This information on the physical phenomenology associated with the physical methodology for measuring brain function (activity) is published in the open literature and available to any scientist who is interested in analysis of physical phenomenology.</div><div><br></div><div>From my perspective, the deep premise underlying the hypothesis presented here is inadequate to describe the physical phenomenology of brain activity. Perhaps this premise rests on the a priori Kantian notions of space and time rather than the systematic categories of Aristotelian causality. </div><div><br></div><div>At it’s root, my view is simple. Any abstract mathematical theorem has meaning only within the mathematical symbol system. Any model of physical phenomenology requires symbolic quantities of physical units of measure be associated with the symbolic mathematics. The meaning specified by the mathematical symbol is not the meaning specified by a physical symbol.</div><div><br></div><div>Given the theory of quantum mechanics and the critical role that angular momenta play in the organization of brain dynamics, I would conjecture that it is conceivable that electro-dynamic equations akin to Feynman diagrams are needed to quantify brain phenomenon. Conceptually, one can speculate that such a hypothetical diagram for changes in angular momentum might take a conceptual form such as:</div><div><br></div><div>A + B —> [ACB —> A’CB’] —> A’ + B’.</div><div><br></div><div>where the alphabet symbols represent different collections of electrical particles.</div><div><br></div><div>Cheers</div><div><br></div><div>Jerry</div><div><br></div><div>Jerry LR Chandler</div><div>Research Professor</div><div>George Mason University</div><div>Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study </div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br><blockquote type="cite"><blockquote cite="x-msg://16/14798841180000006279" style="font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 18px;font-style: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: normal;letter-spacing: normal;orphans: auto;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: auto;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;border-left-width: 1px;border-left-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(133, 175, 49);margin: 0px 0px 0px 10px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;"><div><div><div><blockquote><blockquote cite="mid:819013414.1277241479828054774.JavaMail.httpd@webmail-09.iol.local" type="cite"><div><p align="center" style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 19.260000228881836px;"><font size="4">NOTE: A simple explanation of BUT and its novel variants</font></span></p><p align="center" style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 19.260000228881836px;"><font size="4"> (with the proper bibliography) can be found in this short movie on Youtube:<span> </span></font></span></p><p align="center" style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 19.260000228881836px;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oxfqraR1bIg" target="_blank"><font size="4">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oxfqraR1bIg</font></a><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></p><div><br></div><br><p style="margin: 12pt 0cm;text-align: justify;line-height: 20.700000762939453px;"><span style="line-height: normal;text-align: start;"><font face="courier new, monospace" size="4"><b>Best wishes</b></font></span></p><p style="margin: 12pt 0cm;text-align: justify;line-height: 20.700000762939453px;"><span style="line-height: normal;text-align: start;"><font face="courier new, monospace" size="4"><b><br></b></font></span></p><p style="margin: 12pt 0cm;text-align: justify;line-height: 20.700000762939453px;"><font size="4"><br></font></p><p style="margin: 12pt 0cm;text-align: justify;line-height: 20.700000762939453px;"><span style="line-height: normal;text-align: start;"><font face="courier new, monospace" size="4"><b>Arturo Tozzi</b></font></span></p><p style="margin: 12pt 0cm;text-align: justify;line-height: 20.700000762939453px;"><span style="line-height: 20.700000762939453px;"><font face="courier new,
monospace" size="4">AA Professor Physics, University North Texas</font></span></p><p style="margin: 12pt 0cm;text-align: justify;line-height: 20.700000762939453px;"><span style="line-height: normal;text-align: start;"><font face="courier new, monospace" size="4">Pediatrician ASL Na2Nord, Italy</font></span></p><p style="margin: 12pt 0cm;text-align: justify;line-height: 20.700000762939453px;"><span style="line-height: normal;text-align: start;"><font face="courier new, monospace" size="4">Comput Intell Lab, University Manitoba</font></span></p><p style="margin: 12pt 0cm;text-align: justify;line-height: 20.700000762939453px;"><font size="4"><font face="courier new, monospace"><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://arturotozzi.webnode.it/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(5, 68, 126);line-height: normal;text-align: start;">http://arturotozzi.webnode.it/</a><span style="line-height: normal;text-align: start;"> </span></font><br></font></p></div><br></blockquote></blockquote><br></div></div></div></blockquote><span style="font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 18px;font-style: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: normal;letter-spacing: normal;orphans: auto;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: auto;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;float: none;display: inline !important;">_______________________________________________</span><br style="font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 18px;font-style: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: normal;letter-spacing: normal;orphans: auto;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: auto;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 18px;font-style: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: normal;letter-spacing: normal;orphans: auto;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: auto;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;float: none;display: inline !important;">Fis mailing list</span><br style="font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 18px;font-style: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: normal;letter-spacing: normal;orphans: auto;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: auto;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><a href="//e-aj.my.com/compose/?mailto=mailto%3aFis@listas.unizar.es" style="font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 18px;font-style: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: normal;letter-spacing: normal;orphans: auto;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: auto;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" target="_blank">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br style="font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 18px;font-style: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: normal;letter-spacing: normal;orphans: auto;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: auto;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" style="font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 18px;font-style: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: normal;letter-spacing: normal;orphans: auto;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: auto;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a></blockquote></div><br></div><br>
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