<div dir="ltr">
<p class="MsoNormal">Theology and Information</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Once again,
Bruno has put his finger on the central point of interest: it is irrelevant,
what we call the problem, the subject-matter remains the same over the
generations. In times long gone, thinkers have called the same problems
THEOLOGICAL questions, because it was usual to discriminate the known from the
unknown by saying: what we know belongs to the realm of humans, what we don’t
know is the domain of God.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Irrespective
of the name given to the target of research, it remains in a contrast to the
knowledge accessible (presently) to us humans. It builds the BACKGROUND to that
what we can understand, and therefore talk reasonably about. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">The
background of perception, of understanding, of knowledge, of opinions, or even the
background as such, as an epistemological construct, is a central theme in
psychology. There, one treats it as a necessary correlate to the foreground and
the trade has looked into the processes of dichotomisation which he human brain
uses to perceive the foreground. The flip-flop technique – exchanging the
background with the foreground – allows research into the mechanisms of
recognition. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">The main
point is to overcome the dichotomies which distinguish the foreground from the
background. One such approach is to recognise that “contemporary” and
“successive” are man-made (perception-induced) categories. This approach has
allowed understanding, how the succession of the DNA’s elements relate to the
contemporary properties of the temporally identical elements of the organism.
This riddle has been solved.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">The task
presently before us is to understand the meaning of the term PATTERNS. Once we
understand patterns, we can explain how the recurring is related to the
expected and the unexpected. Causality itself appears to be a corollary of
patterns. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Let me
conclude by asserting that that we in the 21<sup>st</sup> century still labour
on the same basic questions e.g. Giordano Bruno has raised, namely: what is the
ultimate, unifying principle which drives the world. In today’s parlance, we do
not discuss the same problems in terms of theology, (“what are the properties
of God and how does He organise us and the world”) but in terms of quanta,
energy and information (“what are the properties of information and how does it
organise us and the world”), yet the approach is the same: we try to understand
the properties of that what is the background to that what we can understand
well.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">My
suggestion is to focus on the dichotomy creating the foreground, lifting it off
from the background. Patterns connect the two: it is reasonable, in my view, to
work on the subject of patterns. Do patterns contain information?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Karl</span></p>
</div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">2016-10-11 19:58 GMT+02:00 Loet Leydesdorff <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" target="_blank">loet@leydesdorff.net</a>></span>:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72" lang="EN-US"><div class="m_8460000431038693405WordSection1"><p class="m_8460000431038693405MsoPlainText">Dear Mark and colleagues, <u></u><u></u></p><span class=""><p class="m_8460000431038693405MsoPlainText"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="m_8460000431038693405MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in">Loet, clearly the redundancy is apophatic, although one has to be cautious in saying this: the domain of the apophatic is bigger than the domain of Shannon redundancy. At some point in the future we may do better in developing measurement techniques for 'surprise' in communication (I wonder if Lou Kauffman's Recursive Distinguishing is a way forwards...). <u></u><u></u></p><p class="m_8460000431038693405MsoPlainText"><u></u> <u></u></p></span><p class="m_8460000431038693405MsoPlainText">The extension of the redundancy is not primarily a matter of measurement techniques, but of theorizing. The redundancy depends on the specification of the system. The Shannon-type information is empirical, but only the specification of the system enables us to specify the H(max) and therefore the redundancy.<u></u><u></u></p><p class="m_8460000431038693405MsoPlainText"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="m_8460000431038693405MsoPlainText">As the system grows, it may develop new dimensions which are manifest as bifurcations. (Reaction-diffusion dynamics; Rashevsky, Turing.) When one goes from one dimension n to a two-dimensional system [n,m], the number of options [H(max)] goes from log(n) to log(n * m), and thus the redundancy increases rapidly. <u></u><u></u></p><p class="m_8460000431038693405MsoPlainText"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="m_8460000431038693405MsoPlainText">For example: as long as transport over the Alps is limited to passes like the Brenner, the capacity can become exhausted. Digging tunnels or flying over the Alps adds degrees of freedom to the transport system. The number of options (n * m * k * ….) can “explode” by cultural and technological developments. The transitions come as surprises (e.g., the demise of the Soviet-Union). Suddenly, the relevant systems definitions have to be revised.<u></u><u></u></p><p class="m_8460000431038693405MsoPlainText"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="m_8460000431038693405MsoPlainText">The systems definitions have the status of hypotheses. Hypotheses can be considered as theoretically informed expectations. The world of expectations proliferates with a dynamic different from the actualizations. The two realms are coupled since the actualizations can be considered as instantiations of the order of expectations; but only if the latter is specified as different from the empirical order of realizations.<u></u><u></u></p><p class="m_8460000431038693405MsoPlainText"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="m_8460000431038693405MsoPlainText">Best,<u></u><u></u></p><p class="m_8460000431038693405MsoPlainText">Loet<u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#1f497d"><hr align="center" size="3" width="100%"></span></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#1f497d">Loet Leydesdorff </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#1f497d"><u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#1f497d">Professor, University of Amsterdam<br>Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR)<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" title="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:blue">loet@leydesdorff.net </span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#1f497d">; </span><a href="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" title="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:blue">http://www.leydesdorff.net/</span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#1f497d"> <br></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">Associate Faculty, </span><a href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:blue">SPRU, </span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">University of Sussex; <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">Guest Professor </span><a href="http://www.zju.edu.cn/english/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:blue">Zhejiang Univ.</span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">, Hangzhou; Visiting Professor, </span><a href="http://www.istic.ac.cn/Eng/brief_en.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:blue">ISTIC, </span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">Beijing;<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">Visiting Professor, </span><a name="m_8460000431038693405__GoBack"></a><a href="http://www.bbk.ac.uk/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:blue">Birkbeck</span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">, University of London; <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:blue">http://scholar.google.com/<wbr>citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&<wbr>hl=en</span></a><u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="m_8460000431038693405MsoPlainText"><u></u> <u></u></p></div></div><br>______________________________<wbr>_________________<br>
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