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<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>The Force of History--Howard Bloom</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt">In 1995, I published my first
book, The Lucifer Principle: a Scientific Expedition Into the Forces of
history.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>It sold roughly 140,000
copies worldwide and is still selling.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>Some people call it their Bible.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>Others say that it was the book that predicted 9/11.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>And less than two months ago, on
November 13, 2015, some current readers said it was the book that explained
ISIS’ attacks on Paris.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Why?<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>What are the forces of history?<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>And what do they have to do with
information science?<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt">The Lucifer Principle uses
evolutionary biology, group selection, neurobiology, immunology, microbiology,
computer science, animal behavior, and anthropology to probe mass passions, the
passions that have powered historical movements from the unification of China in
221 BC and the start of the Roman<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>Empire in 201 BC <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>to the rise
of the Empire of Islam in 634 AD and that empire’s modern manifestations, the
Islamic Revolutionary Republic of Iran and ISIS, the Islamic State, a group
intent on establishing a global caliphate.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>The Lucifer Principle concludes that the passions that swirl, swizzle,
and twirl history’s currents are a secular trinity.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>What are that trinity’s three
components?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The superorganism, the
pecking order, and ideas.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt">What’s a superorganism?<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Your body is an organism. But it’s also
a massive social gathering. <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>It’s
composed of a hundred trillion cells.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>Each of those cells is capable of living on its own.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Yet your body survives thanks to the
existence of a collective identity—a you.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>In 1911,<A title="" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1"
href="file:///C:/cnt/the%20new%20forces%20of%20history%20for%20pedro%20marijuna%20and%20the%20foundations%20of%20information%20science%2012-24-2015.docx#_edn1"
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Harvard biologist William Morton Wheeler noticed that ant colonies pull off the
same trick.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>From 20,000 to 36
million ants work together to create an emergent property, a collective
identity, the identity of a community, a society, a colony, or a
supercolony.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Wheeler observed how
the colony behaved as if it were a single organism.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>He called the result a
“superorganism.”<A title="" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2"
href="file:///C:/cnt/the%20new%20forces%20of%20history%20for%20pedro%20marijuna%20and%20the%20foundations%20of%20information%20science%2012-24-2015.docx#_edn2"
name=_ednref2><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Verdana","sans-serif"; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA'>[ii]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt">Meanwhile in roughly 1900, when
he was still a child, Norway’s Thorleif Schjelderup Ebbe got into a strange
habit: counting the number of pecks the chickens in his family’s flock landed on
each other and who pecked whom.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>By
the time he was ready to write his PhD dissertation in 1918, Ebbe had close to
20 years of data.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>And that data
demonstrated something strange.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>Chickens in a barnyard are not egalitarian.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>They have a strict hierarchy.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>At the top is a chicken who gets special
privileges.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>All others step
aside when she goes to the trough.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>She is the first to eat.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>And
she can peck any other chicken in the group.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Then comes chicken number two.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>She is the second to eat.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>And she can peck anyone in the flock
with one notable exception.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>She
cannot peck the top chicken.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Then
comes chicken number three, chicken number four, and so on.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Each one cannot peck the chickens above
her on the social ladder.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>But each
has free rein to peck the chickens below.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>Finally, there’s the bottom chicken, a chicken everyone is free to peck
but who is free to peck no one.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>Ebbe called this a “peck order,” a pecking order, a dominance
hierarchy.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt">And in 1976, Oxford evolutionary
biologist Richard Dawkins coined two new terms.<A title=""
style="mso-endnote-id: edn3"
href="file:///C:/cnt/the%20new%20forces%20of%20history%20for%20pedro%20marijuna%20and%20the%20foundations%20of%20information%20science%2012-24-2015.docx#_edn3"
name=_ednref3><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
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style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>He observed that biological life, all of
it from bacteria to bathing beauties, depends on the evolution<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>of what Dawkins called “replicators,”
molecules that can make copies of themselves. Then Dawkins spotted a newer kind
of replicator at work.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The first
biological replicators—genes--did their thing in primordial puddles.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The new replicator worked in a puddle of
a radically different kind—the puddle of the human mind.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Dawkins observed that we see replicators
at work when our mind fixates on a song we hate and plays it over and over
again, no matter how vigorously we wish it away. That song is using our mind to
make more copies of itself. <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>But the
most important replicators in the soup of the human mind are not pop songs,
they’re ideas.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Dawkins called these
mind-based replicators “memes.”<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt">Superorganism, the pecking
order, and ideas—memes--that’s the holy trinity of The Lucifer Principle.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>That’s the holy trinity that drives the
forces of history.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt">Here’s how it works.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Social groups compete.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>They battle for pecking order position
in a hierarchy of groups.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>They
strive to be at the top of that hierarchy and to avoid the fate of the chicken
at the bottom.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>What’s the main
thing over which groups compete?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>It’s a badge of group membership.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>A badge of what molecular biologist Luis Villarreal and philosopher
Guenther Witzany call “group identity.”<A title="" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4"
href="file:///C:/cnt/the%20new%20forces%20of%20history%20for%20pedro%20marijuna%20and%20the%20foundations%20of%20information%20science%2012-24-2015.docx#_edn4"
name=_ednref4><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Verdana","sans-serif"; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA'>[iv]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>That badge?<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>A cluster of memes. A knot of
replicators that live in a sea of minds.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>The Babylonians competed with the Assyrians and the Medes.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>They competed using different
languages.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>They competed using
different ideas of what clothes to wear, what was right and wrong, and, most
important, what gods to worship.<A title="" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5"
href="file:///C:/cnt/the%20new%20forces%20of%20history%20for%20pedro%20marijuna%20and%20the%20foundations%20of%20information%20science%2012-24-2015.docx#_edn5"
name=_ednref5><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Verdana","sans-serif"; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA'>[v]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The eight states that made war in China
in from 475 BC to 221 BC also had competing languages, religions, and
philosophies.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Rome set itself
against the Persian Empire using the same tools of group identity: a different
language, a different clothing style, a different way of worship, and a
different pantheon of gods-- different ideas.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>And today militant<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Islam—in the form of the Islamic State
and what’s left of al Qaeda--is pitting itself against the West, Russia, and
China using the ideas<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>of
Islam.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Using the words and deeds of
Mohammed, words and deeds that are still making copies of themselves in new
minds 1,384 years after Mohammed’s death.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt">Pecking order competitions
between groups, pecking order competitions based on ideas, are the meat and
potatoes of the headlines.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>They are
the forces of history.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNoSpacing style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">Where does information come
into this?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Everywhere.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>A fact that we shall have to
discuss.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNoSpacing style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><o:p> </o:p></P><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Verdana","sans-serif"; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA'>Why?<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Because communication, sociality, and
information exchange are at the very heart of this cosmos.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>So are competition and hierarchy.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Not to mention the ancestor of
superorganism-ness, the foremother of group identity—the cosmos’ obsession with
mobs, gangs, flocks, and massively integrated social entities. <SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Social entities that range from protons,
atoms, galaxies, stars, planets and moons to galaxy superclusters.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>What do all of these things have in
common? <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>What do they share
with megamolecules, DNA, cells, and bacterial colonies, not to mention ants,
nations, and ISIS? <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Competition,
hierarchy, and group identity.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>Superorganism, pecking order, and ideas—the holy trinity of the<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Lucifer Principle.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>And guess what else they share?<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Information!</SPAN><FONT size=3
face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote-list"><BR clear=all><FONT size=3
face="Times New Roman">
<HR align=left SIZE=1 width="33%">
</FONT>
<DIV id=edn1 style="mso-element: endnote">
<P class=MsoEndnoteText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><A title=""
style="mso-endnote-id: edn1"
href="file:///C:/cnt/the%20new%20forces%20of%20history%20for%20pedro%20marijuna%20and%20the%20foundations%20of%20information%20science%2012-24-2015.docx#_ednref1"
name=_edn1><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Verdana","sans-serif"; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA'>[i]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>
Jürgen Tautz, The Buzz about Bees: Biology of a Superorganism, Berlin: Springer,
2008, p. 3,.<o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV id=edn2 style="mso-element: endnote">
<P class=MsoEndnoteText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><A title=""
style="mso-endnote-id: edn2"
href="file:///C:/cnt/the%20new%20forces%20of%20history%20for%20pedro%20marijuna%20and%20the%20foundations%20of%20information%20science%2012-24-2015.docx#_ednref2"
name=_edn2><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Verdana","sans-serif"; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA'>[ii]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>
William Morton Wheeler, The Termitodoxa, Or Biology And Society, The Scientific
Monthly, February, 1920.<o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV id=edn3 style="mso-element: endnote">
<P class=MsoEndnoteText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><A title=""
style="mso-endnote-id: edn3"
href="file:///C:/cnt/the%20new%20forces%20of%20history%20for%20pedro%20marijuna%20and%20the%20foundations%20of%20information%20science%2012-24-2015.docx#_ednref3"
name=_edn3><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Verdana","sans-serif"; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA'>[iii]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>
Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1976.<o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV id=edn4 style="mso-element: endnote">
<P class=MsoEndnoteText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><A title=""
style="mso-endnote-id: edn4"
href="file:///C:/cnt/the%20new%20forces%20of%20history%20for%20pedro%20marijuna%20and%20the%20foundations%20of%20information%20science%2012-24-2015.docx#_ednref4"
name=_edn4><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Verdana","sans-serif"; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA'>[iv]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>
Luis P. Villarreal, <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Origin of Group
Identity: Viruses, Addiction and Cooperation, <SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>New York: Springer,
2009.<o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV id=edn5 style="mso-element: endnote">
<P class=MsoEndnoteText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><A title=""
style="mso-endnote-id: edn5"
href="file:///C:/cnt/the%20new%20forces%20of%20history%20for%20pedro%20marijuna%20and%20the%20foundations%20of%20information%20science%2012-24-2015.docx#_ednref5"
name=_edn5><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Verdana","sans-serif"; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA'>[v]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>
For more on the battle of the gods in Mesopotamia, see Howard Bloom, The God
Problem: How a Godless Cosmos Creates, Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books,
2016.<o:p></o:p></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT lang=0 size=2 face="Century Gothic" FAMILY="SANSSERIF"
PTSIZE="10">____________<BR>Howard Bloom<BR>Author of: <I>The Lucifer Principle:
A Scientific Expedition Into the Forces of History</I> ("mesmerizing"-<I>The
Washington Post</I>),<BR><I>Global Brain: The Evolution of Mass Mind From The
Big Bang to the 21st Century</I> ("reassuring and sobering"-<I>The New
Yorker)</I>,<BR><I>The Genius of the Beast: A Radical Re-Vision of
Capitalism</I> ("A tremendously enjoyable book." James Fallows, National
Correspondent, <I>The Atlantic</I>),<BR><I>The God Problem: How A Godless Cosmos
Creates</I> ("Bloom's argument will rock your world." Barbara
Ehrenreich),<BR><I>How I Accidentally Started the Sixties</I> ("Wow! Whew!
Wild!<BR>Wonderful!" Timothy Leary), and<BR><I>The Mohammed Code</I> ("A
terrifying book…the best book I've read on Islam." David Swindle,<I> PJ
Media</I>).<BR>www.howardbloom.net<BR>Former Core Faculty Member, The Graduate
Institute; Former Visiting Scholar-Graduate Psychology Department, New York
University.<BR>Founder: International Paleopsychology Project; Founder, Space
Development Steering Committee; Founder: The Group Selection Squad; Founding
Board Member: Epic of Evolution Society; Founding Board Member, The Darwin
Project; Founder: The Big Bang Tango Media Lab; member: New York Academy of
Sciences, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American
Psychological Society, Academy of Political Science, Human Behavior and
Evolution Society, International Society for Human Ethology, Scientific Advisory
Board Member, Lifeboat Foundation; Editorial Board Member, Journal of Space
Philosophy; Board member and member of Board of Governors, National Space
Society.</FONT><FONT lang=0 color=#000000 size=2 face=Verdana FAMILY="SANSSERIF"
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