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-------- Original Message --------
<table class="moz-email-headers-table" border="0" cellpadding="0"
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<th align="right" nowrap="nowrap" valign="baseline">Subject: </th>
<td>RE: [Fis] Sustainability through multilevel research:</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="right" nowrap="nowrap" valign="baseline">Date: </th>
<td>Sat, 12 Dec 2015 08:13:36 +0100</td>
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<tr>
<th align="right" nowrap="nowrap" valign="baseline">From: </th>
<td>Loet Leydesdorff <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net"><loet@leydesdorff.net></a></td>
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<th align="right" nowrap="nowrap" valign="baseline">Reply-To: </th>
<td><a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net"><loet@leydesdorff.net></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="right" nowrap="nowrap" valign="baseline">Organization:
</th>
<td>University of Amsterdam</td>
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<tr>
<th align="right" nowrap="nowrap" valign="baseline">To: </th>
<td>'Pedro C. Marijuan' <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es"><pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es></a>, 'fis'
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es"><fis@listas.unizar.es></a></td>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; color: rgb(68, 84, 106);">Dear
Pedro, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; color: rgb(68, 84, 106);"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; color: rgb(68, 84, 106);">Although
I agree with some of your remarks, the following note:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; color: rgb(68, 84, 106);"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>Revolution was
preceded by what has been called the silent “corporate revolution”
(Huff, 2011), which opened the way for collective organizations legally
autonomous in European cities during XIII and XIV centuries:
universities, parliaments, counsels, municipalities, professional
colleges, guilds, mercantile associations, charities, schools, etc. It
was this Medieval awakening in the cities of Western Europe what made
possible the later hyperinflation of autonomous collective
organizations, –“information based”– growing exponentially and
propelling all the further complexity of modern societies.</i> <span
style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; color: rgb(68, 84, 106);"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; color: rgb(68, 84, 106);">Various
authors have attributed the transformation (“modernity”) to different
factors. Marx, for example, pointed to double bookkeeping, Weber to the
protestant ethics, the printing press, etc. It seems to me that the
source of the protestant/individual revolution has to be found in the
individual mandate provided by the Gospel itself: one is responsible
for one’s own soul. (This was a collective fate of the Jewish people in
Judaism.) First, Christianity took the Roman form of Catholicism. When
this eroded, a return to the original Gospel became possible: <i>imitatio
Christi</i> (Thoma a Kempis), Luther’s <i>sola scriptura.</i> Indeed,
Luther had the major advantage of the printing press (when compared
with Jan Hus a century before him.) Both Jan Hus and Luther translated
the bible into the vernacular. (Henry VIII followed in 1535.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; color: rgb(68, 84, 106);"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; color: rgb(68, 84, 106);">The
issue is that the order of meaning processing changed from top-down (<i>Roma
dixit</i>) to bottom up. This was institutionalized in the Dutch
revolution (1581) which led to war with Spain. (You may wish to put me
in your virtual prison. </span><span
style="font-family: Wingdings; color: rgb(68, 84, 106);">J</span><span
style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; color: rgb(68, 84, 106);">)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; color: rgb(68, 84, 106);"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; color: rgb(68, 84, 106);">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; color: rgb(68, 84, 106);">Loet<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; color: rgb(68, 84, 106);"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
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