<div dir="ltr">Caro Johnson Cari Tutti,<div>il 3 agosto ho inviato un messaggio in-centrato sulla inter-soggettività e il 2 ottobre un messaggio in-centrato sulla necessità di adottare il paradigma della musica o della poesia per comprendere quello che non si arriva a conoscere mediante la sola matematica, per quanto la funzione d'onda di Riemann sia una matematica onnicomprensiva. Naturalmente, il mio interesse per questi argomenti è motivato dalla mia "Nuova economia", scienza mediatrice o ancella di tutte le altre scienze.Tenete conto, se credete.</div><div>Saluti.</div><div>Francesco Rizzo.</div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">2015-10-17 19:39 GMT+02:00 Mark Johnson <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:johnsonmwj1@gmail.com" target="_blank">johnsonmwj1@gmail.com</a>></span>:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">Dear Loet, Joseph and Fis colleagues,<div><br></div><div>Some thoughts:<br><div><br></div><div>Pascal: "the heart has its reasons [the constraints of the body] which the reason cannot perceive [because it is abstract]" and yet... we do come to know the reasons of the heart - we know them long before we know reason. In language as Joseph says "Less is more" precisely, in my experience at least, because ambiguities reveal the reasons of the heart. Poetic language lifts the veil of everyday language to expose the raw, embodied, uncodified constraints which underpin it. Music is more powerful still (Alfred Schutz wrote about this wonderfully)</div><div><br></div><div>Can we fashion a description of how this works with existing theory? (I don't believe we should surrender the territory to psychologists!)</div><div><br></div><div>Parsons's idea of 'double-contingency' of communication presents an interaction between ego and alter where communication emerges through selections of meaning and utterance of each party. Schutz, whose theory of intersubjectivity was important for Parsons (they had an significant and difficult correspondence about these matters which is well-documented in Richard Grathoff's "<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-style:italic;line-height:16.003px">The Theory of Social Action: The Correspondence of Alfred Schutz and Talcott Parsons"</span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:16.003px">) found Parsons's model too functionalist. Parsons and Schutz have a different understanding of how people 'tune-in' to one another: I see Parsons's model as effectively 'digital': a set of multi-level interacting selections; Schutz's concept is more 'analogue', involving sharing a sense of 'inner time' between people. I prefer to think of this as a shared constraint.</span></div><div><br></div><div>Loet's redescription of double-contingency in terms of mutual redundancies loosens the determinism in both Parsons and Luhmann (who followed him). I think this is important, and opens a space for reconsidering Schutz's understanding of how 'tuning-in' might work.</div><div><br></div><div>It's best to start with 'selection' (of utterance, meaning and understanding in Luhmann). Shannon selections are constrained by redundancy as we know, so to turn the spotlight on the redundancies rather than what is selected allows us to differentiate the intersubjective communication between two people talking face-to-face as one of higher mutual constraint/redundancy than the intersubjective situation of writing an email or a listserve post to Fis. Locality makes a difference in increasing mutual constraint. </div><div><br></div><div>Returning to Pascal, my body constrains my thoughts in ways which cannot be abstractly modelled, and yet I can apprehend my own constraints and those of others, whilst not necessarily being able to articulate them in language. I could however make music, wave my arms around, pull an angry face, or cry. Isn't inference of constraints by observing such behaviour essential to communication? How could double contingency work were we not able to grasp and physically feel what constrains the other? Babies wouldn't survive otherwise!<br></div><div><br></div><div>Just to extend the speculation a bit further, we should ask about the process of knowledge construction itself in the light of mutual redundancy. Since Hume, many believe that the agreement of scientists in the light of event regularities is a factor in the development of knowledge. What do those scientists 'tune into' when they do this? In what way might an empirical event regularity be a mutual constraint? How are physical constraints separable from personal, biological or psychological constraints? </div><div><br></div><div>Might apparently 'woolly' (but, IMO, valuable) sociomaterial accounts of science be reframed as analytical accounts of interacting constraints?</div><div><br></div><div>just some thoughts...</div><div><br></div><div>Mark</div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div><div class="h5">On Thu, Oct 15, 2015 at 1:38 PM, Loet Leydesdorff <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" target="_blank">loet@leydesdorff.net</a>></span> wrote:<br></div></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div><div class="h5"><div lang="EN-US" link="blue" vlink="purple"><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">Dear Marcus, Mark, Bob, and colleagues, <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">My ambition was a bit more modest: the paper does not contain a theory of meaning or a theory of everything. It is an attempt to solve a problem in the relation between sociology (i.c. Luhmann) focusing on meaning processing (and autopoiesis) and (Shannon-type) information theory. Luhmann left this problem behind by defining information as a selection, while in my opinion entropy is a measure of diversity and therefore variation. I was very happy to find the clues in Weaver’s contributions; Katherine Hayles has signaled this previously. <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">Another author important in the background is Herbert Simon who specified the model of vertical differentiation (1973), but without having Maturana & Varela’s theory of autopoiesis for specification of the dynamics. I agree with Luhmann that one has to incorporate ideas from Husserl about horizons of meaning and Parsons’ symbolically generalize media as structuring these horizons for understanding the differentia specifica of the social as non-biological.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">Mark more or less answers his own questions, don’t you? The constraints of the body provide the contingency. The options are not given, but constructed and need thus to be perceived, either by individuals or at the organizational (that is, social) level. The contingency also positions (as different from others) with whom we can then entertain “double contingencies” as the basis for generating variation in the communication. How this works and feeds back on the persons involved seems to me the subject of other disciplines like psychology and neurology. The subject of study is then no longer (or no longer exclusively) <i>res cogitans</i>.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">For example, if a deaf person is provided with a cochlear implant, s/he may enter other domains of perception and be able to provide other contributions to the communication. The double contingencies between him/her and others can be expected to change.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">Bob and his colleagues define information (2008; p. 28) as “natural selection assembling the very constraints on the release of energy that then constitutes work and the propagation of organization.” This may have meaning in a biological framework, in which selection is considered “natural” resulting in organization(s). In the cultural domain, organization (of meaning) remains constructed and contingent; selection is never “natural”, but based on codified expectations. The codes steer the system from above. Differently from biological and engineered systems, this next-order level does not have to be slower than the systems level (Simon). Expectations can proliferate intersubjectively at higher speeds than we can follow. For example, we have to catch up with the literature. Stock exchanges operate faster than local markets because of the more sophisticated codes that mediate the financial exchanges.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">Maturana (1978, at p. 56) introduced the biologist as super-observer who does not participate in the biological phenomena under study, but constructs them: “Thus, talking human beings dwell in two <i>non-intersecting</i> phenomenal domains.” (italic added). Systems which operate exclusively in terms of expectations and anticipations of future states cannot be found in nature; they can only be considered reflexively. They allow us to de- and reconstruct in terms of improving the models, and thus sometimes find new options for technological intervention. Paradoxically, biology as a science is itself part of this cultural domain. For example, we have access to our body only in terms of perceptions (that are steered by expectations) and at the other end by knowledge-based interventions.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">This is my second posting for this week. <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">Best,<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a">Loet<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><hr size="3" width="100%" align="center"></span></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Loet Leydesdorff </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Professor Emeritus,</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"> University of Amsterdam<br>Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR)<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" title="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">loet@leydesdorff.net </span></a></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">; </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><a href="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" title="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">http://www.leydesdorff.net/</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"> <br></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Honorary Professor, </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><a href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">SPRU, </span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">University of Sussex; <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Guest Professor </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><a href="http://www.zju.edu.cn/english/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Zhejiang Univ.</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">, Hangzhou; Visiting Professor, </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><a href="http://www.istic.ac.cn/Eng/brief_en.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">ISTIC, </span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Beijing;<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Visiting Professor, </span><a name="15076e4c8b12017c_15070d7e5c525fd1_1506b83f0fa98241__GoBack"></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><a href="http://www.bbk.ac.uk/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Birkbeck</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">, University of London; <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en</span></a><u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546a"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> Fis [mailto:<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Marcus Abundis<br><b>Sent:</b> Thursday, October 15, 2015 7:11 AM<br><b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br><b>Subject:</b> [Fis] Shannon-Weavers' Levels A, B, C.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><u></u> <u></u></p><div><span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Hey Mark,<u></u><u></u></p><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"> Sorry if I confused things by commenting on Bateson AND THEN Shannon-Weaver. In my mind those were two different matters, and did not merit my calling them out as such.<u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><u></u> <u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">In general . . . <u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"> I too never saw Shanon-Weaver's Levels A, B, C as complete. In fact, I thought that portrayal as barely (oddly) half-hearted, in contrast to the allusion to a needed "theory of meaning." Still, I will dig into the work Loet and Bob reference . . . and see if I can find some personal satisfaction.<u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><u></u> <u></u></p></div></span><div><span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"> ALSO, I found myself wondering if I should somehow try to tie Steven's sense of locality in with the notion of Levels A, B, C. Perhaps they are not specific enough in order to do so – not sure.<br clear="all"><u></u><u></u></p></span><div><div><div><div><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin-left:.5in;outline:0px;border-spacing:0px"><tbody><tr style="height:22.5pt;outline:0px;font-style:inherit"><td width="187" valign="bottom" style="width:103.6pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;height:22.5pt;outline:0px;font-style:inherit"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:13.5pt"><span style="font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#333333"> <u></u><u></u></span></p></td></tr><tr style="outline:0px;font-style:inherit"><td width="187" valign="bottom" style="width:103.6pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;outline:0px;font-style:inherit"><div><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td width="1" valign="top" style="width:.3pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"inherit","serif""><u></u><u></u></span></p><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:baseline"><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333">Marcus Abundis<u></u><u></u></span></b></p></div><div style="margin-top:2.25pt;outline:0px;font-style:inherit"><p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif""><a href="http://about.me/marcus.abundis" target="_blank">about.me/marcus.abundis</a><u></u><u></u></span></p></div></td></tr><tr style="outline:0px;font-style:inherit"><td width="1" valign="top" style="width:.3pt;padding:6.0pt 0in 0in 0in;outline:0px;font-style:inherit"><p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right;background:#c5d0e0;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-family:"inherit","serif""><img border="0" width="88" height="4" src="http://d13pix9kaak6wt.cloudfront.net/signature/colorbar.png"><u></u><u></u></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:0%;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#333333"> <u></u><u></u></span></p></div></td></tr><tr style="height:15.0pt;outline:0px;font-style:inherit"><td width="187" valign="bottom" style="width:103.6pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;height:15.0pt;outline:0px;font-style:inherit"></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><u></u> <u></u></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br></div></div>_______________________________________________<br>
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<br></blockquote></div><span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888"><br><br clear="all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div>Dr. Mark William Johnson<br>Associate,<br>Leeds University Business School<br>Visiting Professor<br>Far Eastern Federal University, Russia<br>Phone: 07786 064505<br>Email: <a href="mailto:johnsonmwj1@gmail.com" target="_blank">johnsonmwj1@gmail.com</a><br>Blog: <a href="http://dailyimprovisation.blogspot.com" target="_blank">http://dailyimprovisation.blogspot.com</a> </div>
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