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<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Dear Colleagues,</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>I am sorry but I cannot sit still when I see
unqualified references to Niklas Luhmann as some kind of unqualified genius. As
far as I am concerned, the situation has not changed since 2009 when I wrote the
following in an article "Prolegomenon to a Logic for the Information
Society": <SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">Luhmann’s
functionalist definition of isolated systems took human beings as agents out of
his system, and replaced them with abstractions. As Leydesdorff shows,
Luhmannian structures can be defined </SPAN><I><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica-Oblique; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica-Oblique"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">analytically</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">,
but that is not sufficient for an informational theory of
society.</SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>I note also Sören Brier's statement on p.
402 of his great book, <EM>Cybersemiotics</EM>, that "Luhmann failed to
develop a concept of meaning that relates to the flesh, blood and life
conditions of biological systems or to the existential conditions of human
consciousness". He refers on the same page to the "impasse of Luhmann's
functionalism".</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Earlier, Christian Fuchs had stated that <SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">
“The function of Luhmann’s theory for society is that it is completely
useless”.</SPAN> Luhmann is one of those authors it is possible to get
excited about; the above is intended to show that other interpretations of
its value are possible.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Best regards,</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Joseph</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"></SPAN></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"></SPAN></FONT> </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=johnsonmwj1@gmail.com href="mailto:johnsonmwj1@gmail.com">Mark
Johnson</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A title=fis@listas.unizar.es
href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es">fis</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Saturday, October 17, 2015 7:39
PM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Fis] Shannon-Weavers'
Levels A, B, C.</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr>Dear Loet, Joseph and Fis colleagues,
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Some thoughts:<BR>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Pascal: "the heart has its reasons [the constraints of the body] which
the reason cannot perceive [because it is abstract]" and yet... we do come to
know the reasons of the heart - we know them long before we know reason. In
language as Joseph says "Less is more" precisely, in my experience at least,
because ambiguities reveal the reasons of the heart. Poetic language lifts the
veil of everyday language to expose the raw, embodied, uncodified constraints
which underpin it. Music is more powerful still (Alfred Schutz wrote about
this wonderfully)</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT
face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Can we fashion a description of how this works with existing theory? (I
don't believe we should surrender the territory to psychologists!)</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT
face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Parsons's idea of 'double-contingency' of communication presents an
interaction between ego and alter where communication emerges through
selections of meaning and utterance of each party. Schutz, whose theory of
intersubjectivity was important for Parsons (they had an significant and
difficult correspondence about these matters which is well-documented in
Richard Grathoff's "<SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; LINE-HEIGHT: 16px; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif">The
Theory of Social Action: The Correspondence of Alfred Schutz and Talcott
Parsons"</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; LINE-HEIGHT: 16px; FONT-FAMILY: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif">)
found Parsons's model too functionalist. Parsons and Schutz have a different
understanding of how people 'tune-in' to one another: I see Parsons's model as
effectively 'digital': a set of multi-level interacting selections; Schutz's
concept is more 'analogue', involving sharing a sense of 'inner time' between
people. I prefer to think of this as a shared constraint.</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT
face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Loet's redescription of double-contingency in terms of mutual
redundancies loosens the determinism in both Parsons and Luhmann (who followed
him). I think this is important, and opens a space for reconsidering Schutz's
understanding of how 'tuning-in' might work.</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT
face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV>It's best to start with 'selection' (of utterance, meaning and
understanding in Luhmann). Shannon selections are constrained by redundancy as
we know, so to turn the spotlight on the redundancies rather than what is
selected allows us to differentiate the intersubjective communication between
two people talking face-to-face as one of higher mutual constraint/redundancy
than the intersubjective situation of writing an email or a listserve post to
Fis. Locality makes a difference in increasing mutual constraint. </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT
face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Returning to Pascal, my body constrains my thoughts in ways which cannot
be abstractly modelled, and yet I can apprehend my own constraints and those
of others, whilst not necessarily being able to articulate them in language. I
could however make music, wave my arms around, pull an angry face, or cry.
Isn't inference of constraints by observing such behaviour essential to
communication? How could double contingency work were we not able to grasp and
physically feel what constrains the other? Babies wouldn't survive
otherwise!<BR></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT
face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Just to extend the speculation a bit further, we should ask about the
process of knowledge construction itself in the light of mutual redundancy.
Since Hume, many believe that the agreement of scientists in the light of
event regularities is a factor in the development of knowledge. What do those
scientists 'tune into' when they do this? In what way might an empirical event
regularity be a mutual constraint? How are physical constraints separable from
personal, biological or psychological constraints? </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT
face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Might apparently 'woolly' (but, IMO, valuable) sociomaterial accounts of
science be reframed as analytical accounts of interacting constraints?</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT
face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV>just some thoughts...</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT
face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Mark</DIV>
<DIV class=gmail_extra><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial
size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial
size=2></FONT><BR>
<DIV class=gmail_quote>On Thu, Oct 15, 2015 at 1:38 PM, Loet Leydesdorff <SPAN
dir=ltr><<A href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net"
target=_blank>loet@leydesdorff.net</A>></SPAN> wrote:<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE class=gmail_quote
style="PADDING-LEFT: 1ex; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid">
<DIV lang=EN-US vlink="purple" link="blue">
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Dear
Marcus, Mark, Bob, and colleagues, <U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">My
ambition was a bit more modest: the paper does not contain a theory of
meaning or a theory of everything. It is an attempt to solve a problem in
the relation between sociology (i.c. Luhmann) focusing on meaning processing
(and autopoiesis) and (Shannon-type) information theory. Luhmann left this
problem behind by defining information as a selection, while in my opinion
entropy is a measure of diversity and therefore variation. I was very happy
to find the clues in Weaver’s contributions; Katherine Hayles has signaled
this previously. <U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Another
author important in the background is Herbert Simon who specified the model
of vertical differentiation (1973), but without having Maturana &
Varela’s theory of autopoiesis for specification of the dynamics. I agree
with Luhmann that one has to incorporate ideas from Husserl about horizons
of meaning and Parsons’ symbolically generalize media as structuring these
horizons for understanding the differentia specifica of the social as
non-biological.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Mark
more or less answers his own questions, don’t you? The constraints of the
body provide the contingency. The options are not given, but constructed and
need thus to be perceived, either by individuals or at the organizational
(that is, social) level. The contingency also positions (as different from
others) with whom we can then entertain “double contingencies” as the basis
for generating variation in the communication. How this works and feeds back
on the persons involved seems to me the subject of other disciplines like
psychology and neurology. The subject of study is then no longer (or no
longer exclusively) <I>res cogitans</I>.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">For
example, if a deaf person is provided with a cochlear implant, s/he may
enter other domains of perception and be able to provide other contributions
to the communication. The double contingencies between him/her and others
can be expected to change.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Bob
and his colleagues define information (2008; p. 28) as “natural selection
assembling the very constraints on the release of energy that then
constitutes work and the propagation of organization.” This may have meaning
in a biological framework, in which selection is considered “natural”
resulting in organization(s). In the cultural domain, organization (of
meaning) remains constructed and contingent; selection is never “natural”,
but based on codified expectations. The codes steer the system from above.
Differently from biological and engineered systems, this next-order level
does not have to be slower than the systems level (Simon). Expectations can
proliferate intersubjectively at higher speeds than we can follow. For
example, we have to catch up with the literature. Stock exchanges operate
faster than local markets because of the more sophisticated codes that
mediate the financial exchanges.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Maturana
(1978, at p. 56) introduced the biologist as super-observer who does not
participate in the biological phenomena under study, but constructs them:
“Thus, talking human beings dwell in two <I>non-intersecting</I> phenomenal
domains.” (italic added). Systems which operate exclusively in terms of
expectations and anticipations of future states cannot be found in nature;
they can only be considered reflexively. They allow us to de- and
reconstruct in terms of improving the models, and thus sometimes find new
options for technological intervention. Paradoxically, biology as a science
is itself part of this cultural domain. For example, we have access to our
body only in terms of perceptions (that are steered by expectations) and at
the other end by knowledge-based interventions.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">This
is my second posting for this week. <U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Best,<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Loet<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<DIV class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">
<HR align=center width="100%" SIZE=3>
</SPAN></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Loet
Leydesdorff </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><I><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Professor
Emeritus,</SPAN></I><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">
University of Amsterdam<BR>Amsterdam School of Communication Research
(ASCoR)<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><A
title=mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net"
target=_blank><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">loet@leydesdorff.net
</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">;
</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><A
title=http://www.leydesdorff.net/ href="http://www.leydesdorff.net/"
target=_blank><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">http://www.leydesdorff.net/</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">
<BR></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Honorary
Professor, </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><A
href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/" target=_blank><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">SPRU, </SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">University
of Sussex; <U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Guest
Professor </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><A
href="http://www.zju.edu.cn/english/" target=_blank><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Zhejiang Univ.</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">,
Hangzhou; Visiting Professor, </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><A
href="http://www.istic.ac.cn/Eng/brief_en.html" target=_blank><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">ISTIC, </SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Beijing;<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Visiting
Professor, </SPAN><A
name=15070d7e5c525fd1_1506b83f0fa98241__GoBack></A><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><A
href="http://www.bbk.ac.uk/" target=_blank><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Birkbeck</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">,
University of London; <U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><A
href="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en"
target=_blank><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en</SPAN></A><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #44546a; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'"> Fis [mailto:<A
href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es"
target=_blank>fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</A>] <B>On Behalf Of </B>Marcus
Abundis<BR><B>Sent:</B> Thursday, October 15, 2015 7:11 AM<BR><B>To:</B> <A
href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es"
target=_blank>fis@listas.unizar.es</A><BR><B>Subject:</B> [Fis]
Shannon-Weavers' Levels A, B, C.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><U></U><U></U> </P>
<DIV><SPAN>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in">Hey Mark,<U></U><U></U></P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"> Sorry if I
confused things by commenting on Bateson AND THEN Shannon-Weaver. In my mind
those were two different matters, and did not merit my calling them out as
such.<U></U><U></U></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><U></U><U></U> </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in">In general . .
. <U></U><U></U></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"> I too never saw
Shanon-Weaver's Levels A, B, C as complete. In fact, I thought that
portrayal as barely (oddly) half-hearted, in contrast to the allusion to a
needed "theory of meaning." Still, I will dig into the work Loet and Bob
reference . . . and see if I can find some personal
satisfaction.<U></U><U></U></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><U></U><U></U> </P></DIV></SPAN>
<DIV><SPAN>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"> ALSO, I found
myself wondering if I should somehow try to tie Steven's sense of locality
in with the notion of Levels A, B, C. Perhaps they are not specific enough
in order to do so – not sure.<BR clear=all><U></U><U></U></P></SPAN>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline"><B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Helvetica','sans-serif'">Marcus
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<DIV>Dr. Mark William Johnson<BR>Associate,<BR>Leeds University Business
School<BR>Visiting Professor<BR>Far Eastern Federal University,
Russia<BR>Phone: 07786 064505<BR>Email: <A href="mailto:johnsonmwj1@gmail.com"
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