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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>Dear colleagues, <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>I read your paper with interest. Since my interest is “information”, I focused on this concept. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>If I correctly understand, you define information as the 2-log of the number of options. I would be inclined to call this the maximum information content of an act, using <i>H</i>(max) = <sup>2</sup>log(<i>N</i>); in which <i>N </i>is the number of options. You do so too at the top of p. 29 (line 1). You organize this under the subtitle “Obervation of information”, whereas I would be inclined to consider this as the specification. An observation of the number of options used in an act would lead to a number lower than the “pure information value”, since not all options are always used.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>If the information value is equal to the logarithm of the number of options, the concept of information only serves analytically as a transformation rule for expressing the number of options in bits. The two (N of options and n of bits) are coupled to each other in terms of the logarithmic transformation.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>At several places, one parameter is not logarithmically transformed while others are. For example, at the bottom of p. 25, the 10<sup>6</sup> people are whole-number counted in the multiplication under Presentation 19. One could argue that who of the one million people acts, adds another dimension to the possible combinations, and should therefore also be brought under the logarithm. Are options exclusively individual, and never social?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>Is the computational rule in this formula correct given that log(a*b) = log(a) + log(b). You compute 16 bits * log(10); but 16 <b>bits</b> is also the result of taking a logarithm. (The 16 bits represent the number of options of a human body.) Should not you compute the <sup>2</sup>log([2^16] * 10)? Or alternatively (16 + log(10))?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>5.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>On p. 28, you move from the conversation of information in isolated systems (line 11) to “the rule of the conversation of information for multiple acts”. But human agency is not an isolated system, in my opinion. We are coupled through our communications which generate non-linear loops. For example, one can expect the other to entertain expectations about oneself like one entertains expectations about the other (Parsons; Luhmann). In sum, the argument that action is only bodily and in relation to artifacts (as isolated systems) seems questionable to me. Or is this your “materialistic” assumption (p. 1: “Matter is potentiality;” …). Why would not the potentiality of matter contain a plurality (multiplication?) of options?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>It may be difficult to communicate given different starting points. Please, correct me if I misunderstood you.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>Loet<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>On Wed, Jul 22, 2015 at 1:33 PM, Pedro C. Marijuan <<a href="mailto:pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es" target="_blank">pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt'><br>The informational foundation of the act</span></b><br><b>Fernando Flores</b><br>Lund University<br><a href="mailto:fernando.flores@kultur.lu.se" target="_blank">fernando.flores@kultur.lu.se</a><br><br><b>Luis de-Marcos</b><br>University of Alcalá<br><a href="mailto:luis.demarcos@uah.es" target="_blank">luis.demarcos@uah.es</a><br><br><i><span style='font-size:18.0pt'>See the whole text at: <a href="http://fis.sciforum.net/resources/" target="_blank">http://fis.sciforum.net/resources/</a></span></i><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p><p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Our introducing paper (35 pages) presents a theory that quantifies the informational value of human acts. We argue that living is functioning against entropy and following Erwin Schrödinger we call this tendency “negentropy”. Negentropy is for us the reason behind “order” in social and cultural life. Further, we understand “order” as the condition that the world reaches when the informational value of a series of acts is low. Acting is presented as a set of decisions and choices that create order and this is the key concept of our understanding of the variation from simplicity to complexity in human acts. The most important aim of our theory is to measure non-economic acts trying to understand and explain their importance for society and culture. In their turn such a theory will be also important to understand the similarities and differences between non-economic and economic acts. <br>We follow the classical concept according to which informational value is proportional to the unlikelihood of an act. To capture the richness of the unlikelihood of human acts we use the frequency theory of probability developed by Ludwig von Mises and Karl Popper. Frequency theory of probability allows us to describe a variety of acts from the must most “free” to the least “free” with respect to precedent acts. In short, we characterize human acts in terms of their degree of freedom trying to set up a scale of the information and predictability carried out in human decisions. A taxonomy of acts is also presented, categorizing acts as destructive, mechanical, ludic or vital, according to their degree of freedom (complexity). A formulation to estimate the informational value in individual and collective acts follows. The final part of the paper presents and discuss the consequences of our theory. We argue that artifacts embed information and that modernization can be understood as a one-way process to embed acts of high levels of complexity in simple devices. However, our theory assumes that the total amount of information in the social and cultural world is constant and that Modernity only enables us to redistribute our informational potential. We also advocate for the development of a new science named “agnumetry”, the science that quantify Modernity, measuring the obsolescence of an environment (from agnumy the Greek word for “break”). <br>In our study of human acts we found that acting can also be classified as productive, consumptive and as acts of exchange or economical. The informational value of acts can be the expression of any or all of these acting forms. We outline the relation between the informational value of production and the informational value of consumption (which we call “operative information”), and conclude that these acts define the non-economic value. Sometimes, and depending on the social level of informational value, the acts of exchange emerge defining the informational value of an item at the market, an informational value that assumes the shape of “price” justifying the use of money.</span><o:p></o:p></p><pre style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:#888888'>-- <o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:#888888'>-------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:#888888'>Pedro C. Marijuán<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:#888888'>Grupo de Bioinformación / Bioinformation Group<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:#888888'>Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:#888888'>Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Aragón (CIBA)<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:#888888'>Avda. San Juan Bosco, 13, planta X<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:#888888'>50009 Zaragoza, Spain<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:#888888'>Tfno. <a href="tel:%2B34%20976%2071%203526" target="_blank">+34 976 71 3526</a> (& 6818)<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:#888888'><a href="mailto:pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es" target="_blank">pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:#888888'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/pedrocmarijuan/" target="_blank">http://sites.google.com/site/pedrocmarijuan/</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:#888888'>-------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></pre></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.5in'><br>_______________________________________________<br>Fis mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><br><br clear=all><o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>-- <o:p></o:p></p><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Dr. Mark William Johnson<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Phone: 07786 064505<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Email: <a href="mailto:johnsonmwj1@gmail.com" target="_blank">johnsonmwj1@gmail.com</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Blog: <a href="http://dailyimprovisation.blogspot.com" target="_blank">http://dailyimprovisation.blogspot.com</a> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></body></html>