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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> John Collier [mailto:Collierj@ukzn.ac.za] <br><b>Sent:</b> Saturday, June 27, 2015 11:10 AM<br><b>To:</b> loet@leydesdorff.net; 'Koichiro Matsuno'; 'fis'<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] It-from-Bit and information interpretation of QM<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Sorry Loet, but I just don't see the need for an observer. I do think the difference must be by something to something (perhaps the same thing) but Koichiro's formulation implies this. Again, I warn against unneeded complication. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#575757'>Sent from Samsung Mobile<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><br><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>OK. Let’s get rid of Koichiro’s observer. Remains the need to specify: <o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div><p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>1.</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt'> </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>The first difference; </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>2.</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt'> </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>The second difference; </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>The first difference can be measured using Shannon-type information, since a probability distribution can be considered as a set of (first-order) differences. Brillouin tried to specify the second difference as a </span><b>Ä</b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>H. </span><b>Ä</b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>H can also be negative (“negentropy”). But how does one proceed to the measurement?</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>Best, </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>Loet</span><o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>PS. I apologize to Pedro if this is beyond my second posting. I’ll shut up. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'>I needed to correct the misunderstanding as if the observer would be important to me. L.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#44546A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></body></html>