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    Thanks Loet, that is helpful, and makes intuitively good sense. But
    I remain puzzled. I see two distinct cases:<br>
    <br>
    Case 1: For molecules 'communication' consists of interaction
    between the molecules themselves, resulting in biology. <br>
    Similarly, for atoms 'communication' consists of interaction between
    the atoms themselves. They bang into each other and exchange their
    components. <br>
    <br>
    Case 2: For words and sentences (in my view of the world) it is
    human beings who communicate, not words and sentences. From a
    Maturana perspective, language is a recursive coordination between
    autopoietic entities, not interaction between linguistic items. <br>
    <br>
    In case 1, there is no mediating domain. Molecules and atoms
    interact directly. <br>
    <br>
    But in case 2, there is a hierarchy. Communication is between human
    beings, but interaction is through words and sentences in a
    linguistic domain. When I respond to your email, I do not have an
    effect on that email. Rather, I hope to have an effect on your
    thought processes. <br>
    <br>
    Of course there are other interactions between people which
    correspond to my case 1, for example when someone barges another
    person out of the way, or when they dance together. But I think
    Maturana would distinguish these examples by describing them in
    terms of structural coupling rather than languaging. <br>
    <br>
    By calling both of these cases 'communication' we gain some valuable
    traction on patterns of interaction in different domains. But I am
    concerned that we also make it more difficult to disentangle our
    idea of what information is, by equating it with a catch-all notion
    of 'communication'.<br>
    <br>
    Dai<br>
    <br>
    <br>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 20/05/15 11:12, Loet Leydesdorff
      wrote:<br>
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        <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Dear colleagues, </span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
        <div>
          <div>
            <p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
            <p class="MsoNormal">I see "informational processes" as
              essentially being proto-scientific – how is any "science"
              not an informational process? <span></span></p>
            <p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
            <p class="MsoNormal"><span>The sciences, in my opinion, are
                different in terms of what is communicated. As Maturana
                noted, the communication of molecules generates a
                biology. Similarly, the communication of atoms generates
                a chemistry, etc. The communication of words and
                sentences generates the interhuman domain of
                communication. One can also communicate in terms of
                symbolic media such as money. This can be reflected by
                economics.</span></p>
            <p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
            <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Thus, the sciences are different.
                The formal perspective (of the mathematical theory of
                communication) provides us with tools to move metaphors
                heuristically from one domain to another. The assumption
                that the mathematics is general is over-stated, in my
                opinion. One has to carefully check and elaborate after
                each translation from one domain to another. In this
                sense, I agree with “proto-scientific”.</span></p>
            <p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
            <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Best,</span></p>
            <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Loet</span></p>
            <p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
            <p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
            <p class="MsoNormal">First, I think this places me in the
              camp of Peirce's view. Second, I am unsure of how to
              regard the focus on "higher-order" interdisciplinary
              discussions when a much more essential view of lower-order
              roles (i.e., What are science and information?) has not
              been first established.</p>
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            <p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
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            <p class="MsoNormal">    From my "naive" view I find myself
              wondering how "informational process" is not the ONE
              overarching discipline from which all other disciplines
              are born (is this too "psychological" of a framework?). As
              such, I argue for one great discipline . . . and thus
              wouldn't try to frame my view in terms of "science,"
              mostly because I am unclear on how the term "science" is
              being formally used here. Thoughts?<br>
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                                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span></span></p>
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                                        <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span>Marcus
                                              Abundis</span></b></p>
                                      </div>
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                                        <p class="MsoNormal"><span>about.me/marcus.abundis</span></p>
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    <br>
    <pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">-- 
-----------------------------------------

Professor David (Dai) Griffiths

Professor of Educational Cybernetics
Institute for Educational Cybernetics (IEC) 
The University of Bolton
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.bolton.ac.uk/IEC">http://www.bolton.ac.uk/IEC</a>

SKYPE: daigriffiths
UK Mobile: + 44 (0)7826917705
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email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com">dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com</a></pre>
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