<html><head></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><div>Dear FIS colleagues - here is an exchange between Terry Deacon and me that I thought would be of interest to you. When I sent this email to Terry and the Pirates it was stopped at the border of FIS listserv because I had copied too many people. So I am sending it to you separately. Perhaps you should read Terry's email to me first which is a response to my Jan 25 email to him, the Pirates and copied to FIS. I am not sure if my Jan 25 posting made it onto the FIS listserv. If you have not seen it it is just after Terry's response to me also on Jan 25 - warm regards to all - Bob</div><div><br></div><div>Terry - there was no thesis other than the word information is a descriptor for so many different situations and that it is a part of a semantic web - no roadmap only a jaunt through the countryside of associations - a leisurely preamble. The post was meant to stimulate new ways to think about information and to provoke new thoughts like the one in your post below. You response is valuable so I have shared it with the rest of the T&P team and our FIS friends. It provides another context for the triad you introduced a few days ago of significance, reference and medium which inspired my mind map. By the way you also seemed to have made an association of that fourth element you mentioned, namely that interpretation is required to turn data into facts.<div><div><br></div><div>I called my musings a mind map because it mapped out all the associations with information that your triad plus interpretation provoked. It started out by my recording different associations that popped into my head which included some poetry. Being a somewhat uninhibited kind of guy I thought it was worth sharing and I am glad I did because of your <b>significant</b> association of the triad of significance, reference and medium with wisdom, knowledge and Shannon information and the notion that data aren't facts unless interpreted.<div><br></div><div>One more thought about wisdom from the Talmud: </div><div><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" style="position: static; z-index: auto; "><tbody><tr><td><div align="left"><font color="#184375" size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Ethical Teachings - Selections from Pirkei Avot</strong></font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 18px; ">4:1 Ben Zoma said, "Who is wise? The one who learns from everyone, as it is said, 'From all who would teach me, have I gained understanding.' [Psalms 119:99] </span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br></div></div><div>warm regards to all - Bob<br><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; font-size: 12px; "><div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><div><br></div></div></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></span></div><br><div><div>On 2015-01-25, at 9:24 PM, Terrence W. DEACON wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><blockquote type="cite"><div>“Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge?<br>Where is the knowledge we have lost in information?”<br>– TS Eliot<br><br>His hierarchical prescinding is the essence of the significance<br>(wisdom) - reference (knowledge) - medium (Shannon information) nested<br>hierarchy.<br><br>Data aren't "facts" until interpreted and their reference is determined.<br><br>Bob, I'm afraid I don't quite get a clear sense of your intended<br>thesis. So before I go online please provide a road map. — Terry</div></blockquote></div></div></div></div></div><div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><div><div><div><div><blockquote type="cite"><div>On 1/25/15, Bob Logan <<a href="mailto:logan@physics.utoronto.ca">logan@physics.utoronto.ca</a>> wrote:<br><blockquote type="cite">Dear FISers -I have been following the FIS conversation re Terry's paper. I<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">have let Terry and Jeremy carry the burden of the dialogue with FIS. As an<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">FISer and a Pirate I have been neutral and did not want to enter the fray<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">but I now have something worth sharing - some of it stimulated by the FIS<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">dialogue and some by internal Terry and the Pirates conversations within our<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">research group. I have a rather long post to make up for my absence in the<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">conversation to date. I hope that I will have the benefit of your comments.<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">I have just shared this paper with my T&P colleagues through our normal<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">email channel.<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">The Many Dimensions of Information; No Word is an Island – A Mind Map<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Bob Logan<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Prolegma and an Abstract: The concept of information has many dimensions and<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">is described in many different ways. It has many different associations. It<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">has many different definitions. It has many different interpretations. It<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">has many different interpreters. This is an attempt to identify all of these<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">associations, definitions, interpretations, and interpreters. It is in a<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">certain sense a mind map but it is the map of my mind, my definitions, my<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">associations, my interpretations, what is significant for me about<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">information, what information means for me, the thoughts that thinking about<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">information inspire and the thinkers that I believe have and can provide<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">insights into the nature of information. It is a catalogue. It is a<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">hypothesis. It has been compiled by induction, deduction and abduction. For<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">you the reader it is to communicate the complexity and many dimensions of<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">information. For me it is a starting point to rethink every thing I ever<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">thought about information including<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">1. My reading of Incomplete Nature by Terrence Deacon<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">2. The discussions I have had with Terry and the Pirates (Terry is<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Terrence Deacon, and the Pirates are the group that meets with Terry more or<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">less once a week in his home in Berkeley California with others like me<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">joining by Skype. The group continues those weekly discussions by email).<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">3. My FIS (Foundations of Information Science) listserv discussions.<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">4. The paper I co-authored with Stuart Kauffman and others entitled “The<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Propagation of Information: An Enquiry” where we posited that “the<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">constraints that allow autonomous agents to channel free energy into work<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">are connected to information: in fact, simply put, the constraints are the<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">information, are partially causal in the diversity of what occurs in cells,<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">and are part of the organization that is propagated.”<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">5. My book What is Information? - Propagating Organization in the<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Biosphere, the Symbolosphere, the Technosphere and the Econosphere (Logan<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">2014)<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Acknowlegement: This mind map project is inspired by Terry Deacon’s remarks<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">during our Jan 21 T&P session and by an email he sent the following day,<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">where he wrote,<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Maxwell formulated the laws of electromagnetism not as one equation but as<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">four interrelated equations, each defining a fundamental relation, i.e.<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">formalizing the findings of Gauss, Faraday, and Ampere. Perhaps to formalize<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">information we will need at least three: corresponding to medium properties,<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">referential properties, and significance properties— and possibly a fourth<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">defining interpretation (though this may be what the<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">three together define)<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">I. Words<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">The Semantic Web: Words are interconnected –they form a Semantic Web. Their<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">meaning arises in association with all the other words in their language<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">and, as is the case with the word information, in association with its Latin<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">and French origins. Words are entangled, networked, interdependent,<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">interconnected, interwoven, elements of a web, contextualized.<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">No word is an island entire of itself; every word is a piece of the language<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">from which it emerges, a part of the language; the death of any association<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">with a word diminishes it because every word is involved with every other<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">word. Never ask what is the exact meaning of a word or for whom that word<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">has meaning; depending on all your experiences that word tolls for thee and<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">has a particular meaning for thee. (A riff on John Donne’s 'No Man is an<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Island'):<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">No man is an island entire of itself; every man<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">is a piece of the continent, a part of the main;<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">if a clod be washed away by the sea, Europe<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">is the less, as well as if a promontory were, as<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">well as any manner of thy friends or of thine<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">own were; any man's death diminishes me,<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">because I am involved in mankind.<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">And therefore never send to know for whom<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">That no word is an island is especially true of the following words:<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Information, Inform, Form, Formal, Formal Cause, Formality, Formation (in<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">English this word has the meaning of a form of organization whereas in<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">French it has the meaning of training). And these associations are just the<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">beginning.<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Formal cause links to efficient cause, material cause and final cause ala<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Aristotle.<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Origin of the word information as forming the mind:<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">“The English word information according to the Oxford English Dictionary<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">(OED) first appears in the written record in 1386 by Chaucer: “Whanne<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Melibee hadde herd the grete skiles and resons of Dame Prudence, and hire<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">wise informacions and techynges.” The word is derived from Latin through<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">French by combining the word inform meaning giving a form to the mind with<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">the ending “ation” denoting a noun of action. This earliest definition<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">refers to an item of training or molding of the mind (Logan 2014).”<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Other words associated with information:<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Interpretation, interpret, clarify, construe, decipher, depict, elucidate,<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">explicate, connotation, exegetics<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Sign: significance, signify, signification, significant, sign, designate,<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">specify, identify<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Reference, refer, referee, referential, infer, indicate, indicative, index,<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">point out,<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Represent, stand for<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Semiotics: icon, index, symbol<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Language, concept, conceive, percept, perceive<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Language, semantics, syntax, pragmatics, grammar, langue, parole (as defined<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">by de Saussure)<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Inspire; Inspiration;<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Meaning, the mean, the means<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Sentience<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Cybernetics – Wiener - feedback<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Medium; The medium is the message; The two messages of a medium: its content<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">and its effect independent of its content - McLuhan.<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Message<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Communicate, communication, commune<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Rhetoric; Context; The context of information helps define the meaning of a<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">communication or utterance; Feedforward – I. A. Richards, pragmatics<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Figure/ground: The meaning, significance or the interpretation of a figure<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">depends on the ground. environment or surroundings it operates in - McLuhan<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Umwelt innenwelt umgebung – Euxkull<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">One can apply the notion of umwelt to humans and each individual has their<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">own unique umwelt or context in which they percieve the world and conceive<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">their thoughts. Their innenwelt or self-oriented features shape their<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">umgebung or world-oriented features. Translating this into McLuhan speak the<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">innenwelt is the ground and the umgebung is the figure from which I conclude<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">it is the innenwelt that detrmines the interpretation of what is perceived<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">to form the umgebung, or world-oriented features.<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Shannon information, sender, channel, receiver<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Selective information versus structural information: “Mackay’s first move<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">was to rescue information that affected the receiver’s mindset from the<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">‘subjective’ label. He proposed that both Shannon and Bavelas were concerned<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">with what he called Selective information, that is information calculated by<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">considering the selection of message elements from a set. But selective<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">information alone is not enough; also required is another kind of<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">information that he called ‘structural.’ Structural information indicates<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">how selective information is to be understood; it is a message about how to<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">interpret a message—that is, it is a metacommunication (Hayles 1999a, pp.<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">54-55 cited by Logan 2014).” [bolding mine]<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Shannon was not shannonian {He did not overdo the interpretation of<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Shannonian entropy as did many advocates of information theory.<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Understand, comprehend, apprehend, appreciate,<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Respond, reply<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Deixis (deictic) words that point, words and phrases that cannot be fully<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">understood without additional contextual information; a word whose meaning<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">is dependent on context<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Words are woven together to form a text just as threads are woven to form a<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">textile, which usually refers to written communication. There is also the<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">notion that one spins a yarn, which describes oral communication.<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Letters, literacy, literal<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom: The relationship of data, information,<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">knowledge and wisdom<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">“Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge?<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Where is the knowledge we have lost in information?” – TS Eliot<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">“Where is the meaning we have lost in information?” – RK Logan<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">“• Data are the pure and simple facts without any particular structure or<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">organization, the<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"> basic atoms of information,<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">• Information is structured data, which adds meaning to the data and gives<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">it context and<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"> significance,<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">• Knowledge is the ability to use information strategically to achieve one's<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">objectives, and<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">• Wisdom is the capacity to choose objectives consistent with one's values<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">and within a larger social context (Logan 2014).”<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">______________________<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Robert K. Logan<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Prof. Emeritus - Physics - U. of Toronto<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Chief Scientist - sLab at OCAD<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><a href="http://utoronto.academia.edu/RobertKLogan">http://utoronto.academia.edu/RobertKLogan</a><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><a href="http://www.physics.utoronto.ca/Members/logan">www.physics.utoronto.ca/Members/logan</a><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><a href="http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Logan5/publications">www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Logan5/publications</a><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><br><br>-- <br>Professor Terrence W. Deacon<br>University of California, Berkeley<br></div></blockquote></div><br></div></div></div></div></blockquote></div><br></body></html>