<div dir="ltr">Cari Tutti,<div>la strada indicata da Terrence W. Deacon è quella giusta per smatassare il discorso che ha ripreso fiamma. Egli possiede la chiave per aprire la porta o il ponte dell'Informazione: legge generale che vale per l'intera esistenza e tutta la conoscenza. La distinzione tra processi biologici, fisici e semiotici non regge. Per portare l'acqua al mulino di tutti è necessario che ognuno, in modo local-globale o specifico-generale, comunichi, narri e racconti quel che ha compreso e sperimentato nel proprio campo di indagine e ricerca. Poi chi ha più sale condisce la minestra per tutti. Unica è la meravigliosa armonia che governa il mondo. Unico è il sapere che la coglie. Basta avere un poco di pazienza e sperare che la scintilla della sintesi o della visione olistica emani dalla mente e dal cuore di qualcuno o di più di uno. Per quel che mi riguarda, come detto in altri messaggi, ho applicato e verificato questi elementi epistemologici e suggerimenti logistici, metodologici e procedurali nel campo della scienza economica ed ho inventato o scoperto una "Nuova economia".</div><div>Ritengo poco intelligente dire che tanto ho appreso e tanto comunico con grande umiltà e sempre pronto a ricredermi, aperto allo stupore delle cose nuove che non finiscono mai di meravigliare. Questa è la vita degli uomini. Questa è la "ragione creativa" di Dio.</div><div>Un abbraccio affettuosissimo.</div><div>Francesco Rizzo.</div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">2015-01-12 22:39 GMT+01:00 Terrence W. DEACON <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:deacon@berkeley.edu" target="_blank">deacon@berkeley.edu</a>></span>:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">Dear Loet,<br>
<br>
Thanks for these comments. I very consciously avoided opening up my<br>
argument to include anything psychological for many of the reasons you<br>
cite as interesting and troublesome. But mainly because I wanted to<br>
avoid allowing tacit homuncular assumptions to do any of the<br>
explanatory work. And because my primary aim is to argue that<br>
information in the full sense (involving reference and significance)<br>
need not be treated as taboo in the physical and natural sciences.<br>
Currently we talk about information in the shadow of a kind of tacit<br>
methodological dualism: think of the common use of the term<br>
'mind-brain' that shows up in much modern consciousness talk. Such a<br>
move as I try to make here is essential if we are to legitimate<br>
biosemiotic and neurosemiotic sciences, for example. And although<br>
Shannonian-inspired approaches to issues of human communication—such<br>
as in the computational analysis of language structure—have yielded<br>
remarkable insights, they basically just treat reference and<br>
significance as unanalyzed givens and never addresses these issues<br>
directly. Teleo-semantic issues may not be seen even to be worth<br>
quibbling about in psychology but there are many in other domains who<br>
consider representational theories to be unscientific.<br>
<br>
So my goal in this case is quite modest, and yet perhaps also a bit<br>
foolhardy. I want to suggest a simplest possible model system to use<br>
as the basis for formalizing the link between physical processes and<br>
semiotic processes. Perhaps someday after considerably elaborating<br>
this analysis it could contribute to issues of the psychology of human<br>
interactions. I hope to recruit some interest into pursuing this goal.<br>
<br>
— Terry<br>
<div><div class="h5"><br>
On 1/12/15, Loet Leydesdorff <<a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net">loet@leydesdorff.net</a>> wrote:<br>
> Dear Terry and colleagues,<br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> I read the discussion paper with interest. Much of it makes sense to me,<br>
> but I am not sure whether I follow everything. Thank you for this<br>
> contribution.<br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> My main interest is with the special case (p. 8) of non-passive information<br>
> media; particularly in the relation to psychological systems, and social<br>
> and cultural ones. In the latter, perhaps even more than the former, one<br>
> can begin to see the contextual conditions to interact among themselves;<br>
> for example, when expectations are expected such as in the double<br>
> contingency among reflexive persons. As Parsons expressed it: Ego expects<br>
> Alter to entertain expectations about Ego and Alter such as one’s own ones.<br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> It seems to me that the systems then are layered: biological ones on top of<br>
> physical ones, but with a teleogical dimension of the entropy (or a<br>
> next-order loop, in other words); psychological ones on top of some<br>
> biological systems; and social and cultural ones processing exclusively in<br>
> terms of references (e.g., symbols). The time-subscripts of expectations<br>
> refer to a next moment in time (t+1). In the theory and computation of<br>
> anticipatory systems one finds the further distinctions between systems<br>
> which refer both to their own past and their own current or next state, and<br>
> systems which operate exclusively in terms of expectations of next-moment<br>
> of time states. The former are considered incursive, whereas the latter are<br>
> hyper-incursive ones. One can easily write the equations, and then it is<br>
> obvious that the dynamics are very different from biological systems.<br>
> Hyper-incursive systems operate against the arrow of time.<br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> Whereas the teleological dimension is only one among various dynamics in<br>
> the case of biological and psychological systems, an additional degree of<br>
> freedom is available when the teleological constraints can interact among<br>
> them such as in the case that different value systems collide to various<br>
> extents. For example, political discourse entertains meanings with a<br>
> codification different from scholarly discourse. Since these<br>
> hyper-incursive systems operate entirely with reference to future states<br>
> (in terms of models), they generate redundancies instead of Shannon<br>
> entropy, by enlarging the set of possible states continuously. The<br>
> psychological carriers of these exchanges of expectations relate the<br>
> redundancies thus generated reflexively to their teleology as discussed in<br>
> your paper.<br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> In summary, it seems to me that you perhaps too easily jump from biological<br>
> teleology to next-order systems and thus introduce a biologism in studying<br>
> the dynamics of references. The substrates of mediation can change with<br>
> each turn. One can perhaps distinguish the system layers by answering the<br>
> question of what is mediated (how and why) in each layer? For example, a<br>
> biology is generated when molecules are exchanged instead of atoms (as in<br>
> chemistry).<br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> The dynamics of the physical medium at the bottom lose relevance when one<br>
> moves upwards, whereas the Shannon-dynamics remains relevant since<br>
> statistical, potentially also with reference to next-order media. However<br>
> paradoxical this may sound, one can study the variation of the redundancy<br>
> generation or, in other words, the interactions among the conditions, using<br>
> entropy calculus because the latter is not constrained to the physics<br>
> domain. Thus, your distinction of the Shannon and Boltzmann entropies<br>
> provides room for a wider use of the Shannon entropy.<br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> Let me posit that the specification of the medium in terms of what is<br>
> communicated (atoms, molecules, words, meaning, etc.) provides us with room<br>
> for each time a special theory of communication; for example, the<br>
> communication of molecules in a biology, whereas the mathematical theory of<br>
> communication (Shannon, etc.) enables us to specify the differences and<br>
> similarities among the special theories. This is a rich source of<br>
> heuristics and algorithms. I sense a tendency in your discussion paper to<br>
> ground all the theory in physics (thermodynamics) as a meta-theory or grand<br>
> theory of communication. Is this erroneous? Can the special cases further<br>
> develop with a next-lower level as the noise generating medium?<br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> Best,<br>
><br>
> Loet Leydesdorff<br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> Professor Emeritus, University of Amsterdam<br>
> Amsterdam School of Communications Research (ASCoR)<br>
</div></div>> Honorary Professor, SPRU, <<a href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/" target="_blank">http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/</a>>University of<br>
> Sussex; Visiting Professor, ISTIC,<br>
> <<a href="http://www.istic.ac.cn/Eng/brief_en.html" target="_blank">http://www.istic.ac.cn/Eng/brief_en.html</a>>Beijing;<br>
<div class="HOEnZb"><div class="h5">> Visiting Professor at Birkbeck, University of London; Guest Professor<br>
> Zhejiang University, Hangzhou;<br>
> <a href="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en" target="_blank">http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en</a><br>
><br>
<br>
<br>
</div></div><span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888">--<br>
Professor Terrence W. Deacon<br>
University of California, Berkeley<br>
<br>
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