<div dir="ltr"><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div>Dear Colleaugues,<br><br></div>The "bookkeeping" or "accounting" approach to theoretical genetics is the application of the simple principle that one deals with a finite amount of logical entities, which are numerically equivalent according to some arithmetic rules.<br><br></div>In business accounting, the equivalence appears between the sums on both sides of the ledger, in physics, one maintains that no matter or energy can be created, and so forth.<br><br></div>In genetics, the equivalence means that there can be no more translatable DNA sequences than livable organisms and no more livable organisms than translatable DNA sequences. This means that the Grand Total of possibilities must in all cases agree, like in business accounting the Grand Total necessarily agrees, regardless of what has taken place in the actual commerce.<br><br></div>Like the step-by-step realisation of the business idea in a day-by-day commerce restricts the alternatives for a gain or loss in the accounting period, the realisation of the perscription by the DNA by its translation into a part of the more-dimensional entity that is the organism restricts step-by-steps the reamining possibilities for the organism to have properties. At the end, one arrives at the telomeres, which mean: no more alternatives, this way of putting the equivalence has run out of alternatives.<br><br></div>The funny thing with genetics is that Nature uses an accounting trick that makes use of the interdependence between linear and non-linear assemblies (that is: reading the symbols off an assembly one-after-the-other vs. group-wise). The relevant interdependence is truly innovative accounting. Nature needs this to produce that accounting paradox that variations and mutations can both appear in the copying of information from the DNA to the organism and from the organism to the DNA. <br><br></div>It is highly counter-intuitive to imagine copying from a data set into a different data set and back in ways that are both injective and surjective, and still not bijective, only more or less bijective.<br><br></div>The visualisation of the accounting trick can be seen at www.<a href="http://oeis.org/A242615/a242615.pdf">http://oeis.org/A242615/a242615.pdf</a>.<br><br></div>Karl <br></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">2014-09-15 14:07 GMT+02:00 Pedro C. Marijuan <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es" target="_blank">pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es</a>></span>:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">Dear colleagues,<br>
<br>
Continuing with bookkeeping and cycles, some further speculations could be made. Keeping in mind some of Terry Deacon's ideas -in order to make easy the initial considerations- we could say that the basic bookkeeping of an individual (enzymic) work cycle is an instance of "homeodynamics", where a orthograde process and a countergrade process are tied (eg, the favorable ATP hydrolysis propels most enzyme counter-current works). In the case of a whole cycle of reactions that involves numerous compounds (& their specific enzymes), this more complex instance probably represents a "morphodynamic" exemplar. In both cases the thermodynamic and physico-chemical bookkeepings provide good sense on the system's evolution. Arguably, there are "proto-signals" such as enzyme effectors (activators & inhibitors) that impinge in the dynamics without apportioning any substantial energy; and in the reactions cycles there emerge complex systemic relationships with the overall system that may remarkably amplify or dampen the individual changes occurring within the cycle (via alterations in effectors, substrates or products). At the time being, not much informational saying; with considerable likelihood the max. entropy production is a good principle making sense of the overall bookkeeping results.<br>
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Then we go to the "autogenic" stage, where something else dominates the bookkeeping. We assume that the bacterial life cycle (and even more in the multicellular organism) implicitly takes along its selection process a new reference--the "fitness" referent as the gauging instrument to ascertain what is the impact of the individual change (or received communication) along the self-production process. Signals from the environment (communication) encounter a life cycle in progress. And each signal "means" molecularly what it produces in metabolic and gene expression changes. We hide from view (and the cell itself, at least behaviorally) the enormous complexity inside. Glucose "means" good for the cycle, while strong pH "means" bad; there is evolutionary blueprint & connectivity imprinted that applies instantly throughout the signaling system that controls the movement of E. coli: it automatically orientates towards high fitness places. This fitness bookkeeping is verosimil and quite useful, even more in the case of complex multicellular organisms. See a recent comment in Nature (pp. 138-9, 512, August 2014) "What females really want" referred to fruit flies' complex courtship, on how male signals become indicators of "fitness" but they are meant within each particular life-cycle state and past history of the female.<br>
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To summarize this new autogenic stage, both the organismic self-production process and the communication (signaling system) that we find in action appear as bona fide "informational". And this term looks more congenial and simplifying than the rather cumbersome nomenclature that Deacon continues to develop. So we may depart from his terms as we are finally in the province of information science, and subsequently a perspective similar to the previous one might have currency in more and more informational self-constructions around. Thus, in the human life cycle we find quite many new bookkeeping terms, such as "profit", "utility", "value", etc. which may be interpreted as new instances to hide inner complexity and facilitate behavior in progress by the individual within highly sophisticate cultural constraints...<br>
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The bookkeeping and the cycle, as Koichiro emphasized, become quite fertile a place to reflect. But please take all the above speculations "cum grano salis", with the customary grain of salt --or spoonful!<br>
<br>
best --Pedro<div class="HOEnZb"><div class="h5"><br>
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Pedro C. Marijuan wrote:<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
Dear Koichiro,<br>
<br>
Nice that you have left your hibernation for a while!<br>
I quite agree with your excellent comment. On the one side the bookkeeping of molecules has plenty of tools to ascertain what is happening with each other in an uncorrelated way (state variables, force/mass/ energy, entropy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, Gibbs free energy, etc.). But trying to synchronize their happenstances becomes daunting: tough external constraints have to be entered in order to keep a decent bookkeeping and make useful workings. And this is where the bookkeeping of life starts: building upon cycles as basic functional constraints: the work cycle of the individual enzyme, the multiple reaction cycles, the life cycle of the whole bacterium or the unicellular. In aggregate, the life cycle is the great referent of biological information, and the source of its "meaning". It is this different inner reference what makes invalid the maximum entropy principle for life--sometimes it is followed, sometimes it is just the opposite. It depends on the intertwining of external "signals" and on the advancement of the self-production process.<br>
And with this I have already spent my "two cents" for the week...<br>
<br>
best<br>
<br>
--Pedro<br>
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PS. After the crash the list has more complex management (that I cannot handle very well) and message processing. People willing to check whether their messages have passed or not may directly check at: <a href="http://listas.unizar.es/pipermail/fis/" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/<u></u>pipermail/fis/</a><br>
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Koichiro Matsuno wrote:<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
At 9:14 PM 09/05/2014, Pedro wrote:<br>
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Who knows, focusing on varieties of bookkeeping might be quite productive!<br>
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[KM] Pedro, your kick was loud enough to waken me up from my long<br>
hibernation. Suppose there are many things popping up here and there<br>
concurrently with no synchronization among them on the spot. Then, we would<br>
be totally at a loss what to do when asked to tell what is going on there.<br>
One plan as a last resort would be to make an appeal to a scheme of<br>
synchronization even if conceivable out of the blue. One candidate would be<br>
Bob U's energy, in reference to which we can safely say which are<br>
synchronized and which are sequential. One more candidate of this sort might<br>
be a reaction cycle of a natural origin, since any component reaction going<br>
round the cycle is ipso facto made synchronous with the occurrence of the<br>
cycle itself. Koichiro<br>
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-- <br>
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Pedro C. Marijuán<br>
Grupo de Bioinformación / Bioinformation Group<br>
Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud<br>
Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Aragón (CIBA)<br>
Avda. San Juan Bosco, 13, planta X<br>
50009 Zaragoza, Spain<br>
Tfno. <a href="tel:%2B34%20976%2071%203526" value="+34976713526" target="_blank">+34 976 71 3526</a> (& 6818)<br>
<a href="mailto:pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es" target="_blank">pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es</a><br>
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